14 research outputs found

    Bernard Benezet et l’iconographie du Sacré-Cœur au XIXe siècle

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    Bernard Benezet and the iconography of the Sacred Heart during the nineteenth century. The origins of the cult of the Sacred Heart of Jesus go back to the thirteenth century, but this cult was strongly reactivated by the visions of Marguerite-Marie Alacoque (1647-1690). The cult was again in fashion at the end of the nineteenth century. Marguerite-Marie was made a saint in 1864, and this gave rise to much celebration. The defeat of France in 1870 exacerbated national frustrations, and the cult of the Sacred Heart took on nationalist and impassioned overtones. France, as a country, was even dedicated to the Sacred Heart in 1873, at Paray-Le-Monial, by the Deputy for Toulouse, Gabriel de Belcastel. The Jesuits of Toulouse, during the nineteenth century, were keen propagandists for an iconography which, in their view, could influence the general public. The association known as the « Apostolat de la Prière », approved by the Pope in 1866, was a keen evangelist for this pious imagery, supported by the newspaper, Messager du cœur de Jésus. The painter Bernard Benezet (a pupil of Hyppolite Flandrin) was commissioned in 1874 to paint the model for the Sacred Heart, and this model gave rise to endless reproductions, on all sorts of materials and objects. The author of the present article examines the diffusion of this image, underlining its commercial aspects. The over-enthusiastic support given to this « plaster-saint » type of art (art « saint-sulpicien ») by the French ultramontane faction in no way encouraged the renewal of sacred art that many early twentieth-century artists hoped for.Mange Christian. Bernard Benezet et l’iconographie du Sacré-Cœur au XIXe siècle. In: Histoire de l'art, N°20, 1992. Iconographie. pp. 79-87

    A New Paradigm for Developing Digital Systems Based on a Multi-Cellular Organization Abstract

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    Embryological electronics or “Embryonics ” is a new paradigm for developing digital systems of any complexity, endowed of universal computation, self-repair and self-reproduction capabilities. Embryonics, which can also be defined as a quasi-biological development of atificial systems, is based on the natural mechanism of development of living multi-cellular beings. Starting with a single mother cell containing the description of the organism in the form of a genome, the final organism is achieved through a succession of cell divisions, occurring with the differentiation of each cell, i.e. a specialization dependent essentially on the physical position of the cell (i.e. on its coordinates) in the given space. Applying this technique to the design of digital neural networks could lead to the development of artificial organisms simulating both the biological dcvelopment and the final architecture of natural neural networks. 1. Artificial neural networks and artificial embryolog

    Pasteurs des âmes, Passeurs des Arts

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    Les disciplines historiques ont porté un éclairage décisif sur la diversité du clergé séculier et sur sa place dans la société française d’Ancien Régime ; analysée à travers les prismes de la culture matérielle, de l’histoire sociale et politique ou de l’anthropologie religieuse, la figure du prêtre de campagne est aujourd’hui mieux cernée. Sans être totalement négligées, les recherches sur l’implication du bas clergé dans la commande artistique des temps modernes attendent cependant des approfondissements, dont cet ouvrage livre tes premières réflexions. Les prêtres étaient probablement les premiers concernés par le décor de leurs églises mais quelle était précisément la nature de leurs « participations » ? Quelques interrogations ont déjà leurs réponses : textes et documents livrent des preuves de leur immixtion dans la commande, allant de la mise en œuvre des adjudications au choix des artistes ou des ateliers, à la gestion des coûts, la sélection des matériaux, etc. Et si nous pouvons saisir la manière dont les hommes d’église s’immisçaient dans la création, l’examen des portraits qu’ils ont laissés documente conjointement la perception de leur propre condition : des guides de cortèges processionnels aux faiseurs de miracles, des célébrants d’autels aux « notables » en soutanes, ces représentations sont autant d’indices qui éclairent la vie et la culture des dites paroissiales qu’ils constituaient

    La Nativité et le temps de Noël

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    Cet ouvrage rassemble les seize communications présentées au colloque « La Nativité et le temps de Noël » (Aix, décembre 2000) pour les périodes moderne et contemporaine. Trois axes de recherches ont été privilégiés. L'épanouissement spirituel, grâce en particulier au Carmel réformé et à l'Oratoire, de la dévotion à la Nativité et à l'Enfant Jésus après le Concile de Trente, ainsi que sa diffusion à travers les pratiques confraternelles. Les normes et spécificités des représentations figurées de la naissance et la petite enfance du Christ, statuettes, œuvres picturales, crèches, mises en scène théâtrales. Les aspects identitaires que revêtent, dans plusieurs régions de l'Europe, les « traditions » qui marquent la célébration de la fête de Noël, fête chrétienne et « païenne » à la fois, sans équivalent dans le calendrier de l'année

    Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes

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    Although the North American Hutterites trace their origins to South Tyrol, no attempts have been made to examine the genetic migration history of the Hutterites before emigrating to the United States in the 1870s. To investigate this, we studied 9 microsatellite loci and 11 unique event polymorphism (UEP) markers on the Y-chromosome, the hypervariable region I (HVRI) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as the complete mtDNA genome of Hutterite and South Tyrolean samples. Only 6 out of 14 Y-chromosome UEP+microsatellite haplotypes and 3 out of 11 mitochondrial haplotypes that were present in the Hutterites were also present in the South Tyrolean population. The phylogenetic relationships inferred from Y-chromosome and mtDNA databases show that the Hutterites have a unique genetic background related to a similar extent to central and eastern European populations. An admixture analysis indicates, however, a relatively high genetic contribution of central European populations to the Hutterite gene pool. These results are consistent with historical records on Hutterite migrations and demographic history. In addition, our data reveal similar numbers of Y and mitochondrial haplotypes in Hutterite male and female founders, respectively. The Hutterite male and female gene pools are similar with respect to genetic diversity and genetic distance measures and comparable with respect to their origins, suggesting a similar evolutionary history
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