ANALISIS MARGIN PEMASARAN AYAM BROILER DI PASAR TRADISIONAL KOTA MANADO

MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BROILER MARKETING AT TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN MANADO CITY (Case Study at Calaca Bersehati and Pinasungkulan Karombasan Markets) This research was conducted at the traditional markets in Manado particularly at the Bersehati Calaca and Pinasungkulan Karombasan markets. The problem of this research was that how was the chains of broiler marketing channels, how much was margin profit of broiler marketing and level of broiler marketing efficiency at the traditional markets of Calaca Bersehati and Pinasungkulan Karombasan. The purposes of this study were (1) To determine the chain of broiler marketing channels at traditional markets in Manado, (2) marketing margins and profit, (3) To determine the level of marketing efficiency at each marketing channel of broiler chicken at the traditional market in Manado. Sources of data in this study were divided in the primary data and secondary data. The samples were taken by purposive sampling. Models of data analysis in this research were using descriptive analysis approach and mathematical analysis. The result showed that the average - average purchase price of broiler chickens on traders is IDR. 19,500 per kilogram with the average - the average selling price of IDR 27,000 per kilogram and the average - average total marketing cost is Rp. 3903. While the average - average purchase price of broiler chickens on retailers is IDR. 26 182 per kilogram with the average - the average selling price of Rp 29,364 per kilogram and the average - average total marketing cost is IDR. 1789.Conclusion that the markets at Calaca Bersehati and Pinasungkulan Karombasan had two marketing channels as follows (1), Farmers to traders, traders to retailers, and retailers to consumers. (2), Farmers to traders, traders to consumers. Total margin and gains different on each channel, the first channel of IDR 9.864 and on line two the margin obtained at IDR 7,500, while the benefits of the channel I is IDR. 4172 and the second channel a profit of IDR 3597. Broiler chicken marketing channels already take place efficiently because the level of efficiency in both marketing channels are located between 0-33 percents which amounted the first line was 19.39 percents and a second channel was 14.45 percents   Keywords: Marketing Channel, Margin, Profit, Marketing Efficiency, Broiler

Re-desain Terminal Bandara Judha Tindas Naha. Arsitektur Futuristik

Kabupaten kepulawan sangihe terletak di pulau Sulawesi bagian utara yang terpisah daratan dengan pulau Sulawesi. Dalam pengembangannya telah terdapat sarana transportasi laut yang menjadi moda transportasi utama yang digunakan oleh mayoritas penduduk kabupaten kepulauaan sangihe. Sarana transportasi udara telah ada, yaitu bandara dengan klasifikasi bandara pengumpan yang beroprasi sebanyak tiga kali seminggu, yang terdapat di desah Naha. Kondisi bandara yang hanya mampu menampung satu maskapai dalam sehari dengan kapasitas pada terminal bandara yang hanya mampu menampung maksimal 55 orang saja dalam sekali pemberangkatan, adalah masalah yang didapati saat ini, maka solusi untuk melakukan re-desain dan pengembangan terminal bandara dan Fasilitas penunjang adalah hal yang penting dan patut untuk diperhatikan.Penerapan tema perancangan Arsitektur Futuristik, bertujuan untuk untuk menghadirkan suatu konsep bangunan terminal bandara yang memiliki citra dan ciri khas tersendiri, dan mampu memberikan suasana baru dalam bangunan terminal bandara. Baik dari bentuk, tata ruang dalam dan luar, sirkulasi, material dan lain-lain yang bersifat modern dan futuristic, tampa meninggalkan hal-hal yang menjadi jati diri daerah sangihe itu sendiri

Hybridization increases invasive knotweed success

Hybridization is one of the fundamental mechanisms by which rapid evolution can occur in exotic species. If hybrids show increased vigour, this could significantly contribute to invasion success. Here, we compared the success of the two invasive knotweeds, Fallopia japonica and F.sachalinensis, and their hybrid, F.x bohemica, in competing against experimental communities of native plants. Using plant material from multiple clones of each taxon collected across a latitudinal gradient in Central Europe, we found that knotweed hybrids performed significantly better in competition with a native community and that they more strongly reduced the growth of the native plants. One of the parental species, F.sachalinensis, regenerated significantly less well from rhizomes, and this difference disappeared if activated carbon was added to the substrate, which suggests allelopathic inhibition of F.sachalinensis regeneration by native plants. We found substantial within-taxon variation in competitive success in all knotweed taxa, but variation was generally greatest in the hybrid. Interestingly, there was also significant variation within the genetically uniform F.japonica, possibly reflecting epigenetic differences. Our study shows that invasive knotweed hybrids are indeed more competitive than their parents and that hybridization increased the invasiveness of the exotic knotweed complex

Epigenetics for Ecologists

There is now mounting evidence that heritable variation in ecologically relevant traits can be generated through a suite of epigenetic mechanisms, even in the absence of genetic variation. Moreover, recent studies indicate that epigenetic variation in natural populations can be independent from genetic variation, and that in some cases environmentally induced epigenetic changes may be inherited by future generations. These novel findings are potentially highly relevant to ecologists because they could significantly improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying natural phenotypic variation and the responses of organisms to environmental change. To understand the full significance of epigenetic processes, however, it is imperative to study them in an ecological context. Ecologists should therefore start using a combination of experimental approaches borrowed from ecological genetics, novel techniques to analyse and manipulate epigenetic variation, and genomic tools, to investigate the extent and structure of epigenetic variation within and among natural populations, as well as the interrelations between epigenetic variation, phenotypic variation and ecological interactions