Schematic representation of possible biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines identified in ACL extract.

<p>Schematic representation of possible biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines identified in ACL extract.</p

List of metabolites detected in <i>A</i>. <i>catechu</i> leaf extract by GC-MS analysis.

<p>List of metabolites detected in <i>A</i>. <i>catechu</i> leaf extract by GC-MS analysis.</p

Iron (Fe²⁺)-chelation activities of ACL extract and the reference compound.

<p><b>(A)</b> ACL extract and <b>(B)</b> standard Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), represented as % of Fe²⁺-ferrozine complex (IC₅₀ value: ACL = 320.63±10.82μg/ml and EDTA = 1.45±0.01μg/ml; p<0.001). [Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, α = <i>p</i><0.001 Vs 0 μg/ml].</p

Gas chromatogram-Mass spectroscopy of <i>A</i>. <i>catechu</i> leaf extract.

<p>Gas chromatogram-Mass spectroscopy of <i>A</i>. <i>catechu</i> leaf extract.</p

The effect of ACL extract on the viability of murine splenocytes and peritonealexudate macrophages, evaluated by MTT method.

<p>Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, ^NS<i>p</i> = 0>0.05.</p

Free-radical scavenging potentials of ACL extract.

<p><b>(A)</b> Singlet oxygen scavenging capacities of ACL extract and standard lipoic acid (IC₅₀ value: ACL = 1103.79±24.69μg/ml and lipoic acid = 48.40±2.02μg/ml; <i>p</i><0.001). <b>(B)</b> Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard Curcumin (IC₅₀ value: ACL = 45.57±1.33μg/ml and curcumin = 96.88±5.09μg/ml; <i>p</i><0.01). <b>(C)</b> Peroxynitrite scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard gallic acid (IC₅₀ value: ACL = 854.05±59.96 μg/ml and gallic acid = 734.81±28.30 μg/ml; <i>p</i>>0.05). <b>(D)</b> Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ value: ACL = 130.675±4.78 μg/ml and ascorbic acid = 165.91±16.31μg/ml; <i>p</i><0.01). [Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, α = <i>p</i><0.001 Vs 0 μg/ml].</p

Antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities of ACL extract.

<p><b>(A)</b> DPPH radical scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ value: ACL = 15.52±0.46μg/ml and ascorbic acid = 240.10±28.35 μg/ml; <i>p</i><0.001). <b>(B)</b> Total reductive abilities of ACL extract and standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The absorbance (A₇₀₀) was plotted against concentration of sample; higher absorbance value signified greater reducing capacity. <b>(C)</b> Hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities of ACL extract and standard mannitol (IC₅₀ value: ACL = 121.20±1.22μg/ml and mannitol = 589.06±46.57μg/ml; <i>p</i><0.01). <b>(D)</b> Superoxide radical scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard quercetin (IC₅₀ value: ACL = 131.900±4.40μg/ml and quercetin = 63.93±4.16μg/ml; <i>p</i><0.01). [Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, α = <i>p</i><0.001 Vs 0 μg/ml].</p