Illiteracy is a Source of Compensation of Women in Dispute Settlement in Pukkhtoon Culture in Rural Area of District Swat Khyber Pukhthunkhwa-Pakistan

The present study was conducted in rural area of District Sawat. The major objective of the study was to see  the illiteracy is a source of compensation of women in dispute settlement in pukhtoon culture in the study area. District Sawat three union councils namely Proper Kalam, Othrore and Chupreyal were purposively on the basis of more cases were selected . Data were collected with the help of questionnaire from Parents, brother or blood relatives of Swara and Swara Women. The total number in union council proper Kalam was 156, UnionCounsil Othrore 193, Union Council Chupreyal 20  which make total 329.  Through sakaran the sample size was  fixed 205 and through proportion allocation methodology 88 respondents from Proper Kalam, 106 from Othore and 11 from union council Chupreyal randomly were selected. Through questionnaire data were collected from the selected respondent. Descriptive statistics and chi square test was used for association. The study found that People had high reservation over educating their female despite the existence of schooling facilities for them due to pardha and fear of acceding to their participation in decision making process. Keywords: Illiteracy, Source of Compensation, Women, Pukhtoon Culture, District Sawa

Floristic composition, biological spectrum, and phytogeographic distribution of the Bin Dara Dir, in the western boundary of Pakistan

This study assessed the floristic composition, biological spectrum, and phytogeographical elements of the Bin Dara western boundary of Pakistan. The flora consisted of 140 plant species belonging to 47 families. The most dominant family was Poaceae (with 14 species), followed by Asteraceae (11 species). The biological spectrum showed the therophytes (71 species, 50.71%) as the dominant life form class, followed by mega -phanerophytes (27 species, 19.28%), nano-phanerophytes (15 species, 10.71%), geophytes (10 species, 7.14%), chamaephytes (9 species, 6.42%), and hemi-cryptophytes (8 species, 5.71%). Leaf size classes comprised of nanophylls (48 species, 34.28%), microphylls (32 species, 22.85%), mesophylls (22 species, 15.71%), macrophylls (17 species, 12.14%), leptophylls (12 species, 8.57), megaphylls (8 species, 5.75%), and aphyllous (1 species, 0.71%). Cosmopolitan was the most prominent form of phytogeographic elements (with 17 species, 12.14%), followed by pantropical and Euro-Siberian Mediterranean Irano-Turanian (14 species, 10%) each. The pluriregional represented (13 species, 9.28%), Holarctic and Mediterranean Irano-Turanian (10 species, 7.14%), Irano-Turanian and Western Himalayan (9 species, 6.42%) each. It is recommended that further study is needed to map the vegetation, its indicators, and rare species that face a huge threat of endangerment

Genetics of Rust Resistance in a Wheat Nested Association Mapping Population

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. October 2017. Major: Plant Pathology. Advisor: Brian J. Steffenson. 1 computer file (PDF); ix, 144 pages.Wheat is an important food crop in many parts of the world, but its genetic diversity has been eroded due to intense selection in breeding programs. To increase genetic diversity in the Minnesota wheat breeding program, a nested association mapping population was developed by crossing 25 exotic accessions selected from the USDA-ARS Spring Wheat Core Collection with RB07, a Minnesota cultivar selected as the common parent because it has wide adaptation in the region. Virulent races of the stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Pgt), leaf rust (P. triticina, Pt), and stripe rust (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) pathogens threaten the wheat crop in the region. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to elucidate the genetics of rust resistance in select families of the Minnesota Nested Association Mapping Population (MNAMP) based on qualitative (chi-square tests of Mendelian gene models) and quantitative (quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping with 66,685 single nucleotide polymorphic markers) genetic analyses. Four families segregated for resistance to the widely virulent Pgt races of TTKSK, TRTTF, and TTKST. One to five Mendelian genes and five to 19 QTL conferred stem rust resistance in individual families. One family segregated for resistance to Pt race TFBGQ with Lr21 virulence. One Mendelian gene and two QTL controlled resistance to this pathogen race. Three families segregated for resistance to the Pst races PSTv-37 and PSTv-40. Three to five Mendelian genes and two to 12 QTL conferred resistance to these races in individual families. Rust resistant progeny identified from the MNAMP will be useful for enhancing the resistance of wheat to the three rust diseases