A Short Review on the Development of Salt Tolerant Cultivars in Rice

Rice is staple food for half of the world. With a population of almost 9.6 billion by the year 2050, there is a dire need of developing techniques to improve the crop plants, not only in terms of better yield but also to withstand harsh environmental conditions and stresses like drought, temperature, flood and salinity. Salinity is second to drought stress and hence it is very important to develop crops tolerant to salinity stress. This review discusses the mechanisms of salt tolerance and the recent developments in understanding the complex tolerance phenomena. One way to address the salinity issue is to develop tolerant rice varieties using conventional and modern breeding techniques for which screening the rice germplasm for the varieties with desired traits is critical. Conventional methods to develop tolerant rice varieties are discussed along with modern biotechnology techniques are also discussed. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) are promising techniques. In addition to these modern techniques, some recent developments in the fields of transgenic plants, haploid breeding and Somaclonal variations have also been discussed. The limited knowledge about molecular and genetic mechanisms to tolerate abiotic stresses, however is a barrier to efficiently develop tolerant cultivars. A combination of conventional and modern biotechnology techniques could possibly open up the new ways

The Diagnostic and Management of Drug Induced Esophagitis

There are several factors that involve in drug induced esophagitis such as: drugs, esophagus, patients. The drug can cause direct effect to the esophageal mucosa. The drugs that often cause esphagitis: alendronate, tetracycline and its derivates and anti retroviral agents. Most of these drugs can cause esophageal damage due to corrosive nature of the drug. Esophageal factor that can cause the drug induced esophagitis: rheumatic heart disease, enlargement of the left atrium mass and aortal aneorysma. These conditions will disturb drug passage and prolongs drug contact with esophageal mucosa. The patients factor that influences this problem is the patients position when taking the drug, the patients age, the amount of water taken along with the drug, the time when drug was taken, and the amount of saliva. Endoscopy is a good procedure to evaluate the esophageal mucosa and establishing differential diagnosis through direct inspection, biopsy. In the management of esophagitis, PPIs are currently the most effectiveness agents available for treating esophagitis. Esomeprazole, an optical isomer of omeprazole is the first PPI to show greater efficacy than other PPI is in esophagitis healing

Polypectomy of Esophageal Polyp Due to Esophagitis

Esophageal polyp can be found by chance during endoscopic examination. Polyps can be formed by changes in the esophageal mucosa due to reflux esophagitis. We report a case of multiple esophageal polyp in a patient with complaints of recurrent regurgitation without heartburn. Endoscopy demonstrated multiple polyps at the distal esophagus. Anatomic pathology evaluation of the polyp demonstrated mucosa lined with squamous epithels demonstrating elongation of the papilla and deposition of acute and chronic inflammatory cells, indicating chronic esophagitis with hyperplastic epithels. In this case, we conducted recurrent ligation of the multiple polyps. Evaluation at 2 weeks after the final ligation demonstrated no polyp remains, and the post-ligation ulcer was found. Evaluation at 1 month following treatment found diminished complaints. From this case, we can conclude that endoscopy is an important investigation modality to establish the diagnosis in cases of chronic gastrointestinal complaints. Ligation is a choice for the management of esophageal polyps

Uji Lapangan Formula Cair Pseudomonas Fluorescens P60 terhadap Layu Fusarium pada Tanaman Tomat

A research aimed at knowing 1) the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 in liquid formula on Fusarium wilt of tomato, 2) the effect of P. fluorescens P60 in the formula on tomato growth and yield, and 3) P. fluorescens P60 mechanisms on tomata was carried out at tomato field of Selomoyo Village, Kaliangkrik Subdistrict, Magelang Regency at altitude of 826 m above sea level. Randomized block design was used with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were control, with P. fluorescens P60 soaked for 15 min and without fungicide, pathogen without P. fluorescens P60 with fungicide (PBG1), pathogen with P. fluorescens P60 without fungicide, pathogen with pouring P. fluorescens P60 1, 3, and 5 times. Result indicated that application of formulated P. fluorescens P60 for 5 times decreased the disease intensity as high as 26.77%, and late population of the pathogen but increased P. fluorescens P60 as high as 4.54×1010 cfu ml-1. P. fluorescens P60 affected growth and yield of tomato. P. Fluorescens P60 induced tomato resistance by increasing qualitatively its phenolic compound content (saponin, tannin, glycoside). Penelitian dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) pengaruh Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 dalam formula cair terhadap penyakit layu fusarium pada tanaman tomat, 2) pengaruh P. fluorescens P60 dalam formula cair terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat, dan 3) mekanisme P. fluorescens P60 pada tanaman tomat dilakukan di lahan Desa Selomoyo, Kecamatan Kaliangkrik, Kabupaten Magelang dengan ketinggian 826 m di atas permukaan laut. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), dengan 7 perlakuan dan jumlah ulangan 4 kali, dan setiap unit terdiri atas 8 tanaman. Perlakuan tersebut meliputi kontrol; dengan P. fluorescens P60 rendam 15 menit dan tanpa fungisida; dengan patogen; tanpa P. fluorescens P60; dengan fungisida (PBG1); patogen, tanpa P. fluorescens P60, tanpa fungisida; patogen, dengan penyiraman P. fluorescens P60 1 kali; patogen, dengan penyiraman P. fluorescens P60 3 kali; dan patogen, dengan penyiraman P. fluorescens P60 5 kali. Pemberian P. fluorescens P60 selama 5 kali memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata dalam menekan penyakit layu fusarium yang disebabkan Fusarium oxysporum. Hal ini ditunjukkan pada penurunan intensitas penyakit sebesar 26,77%, rendahnya kepadatan akhir F. oxysporum serta tingginya nilai kepadatan P. fluorescens P60 sebesar 4,54×1010 unit pembentuk spora/ml. Pengaruh pemberian P. fluorescens P60 belum menunjukkan pengaruh nyata pada komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil. P. fluorescens P60 mampu mengimbas ketahanan tanaman tomat dengan meningkatkan kandungan senyawa fenol (saponin, tanin, glikosida)

Colorectal Polyp Evaluation Management and Its Role in Gastrointestinal Tract Malignancy

Colorectal polyp is one of important factors that have roles in developing Malignancy of lower gastrointestinal tract. Adenomatous polyp is the most common colorectal polyps and it has been known as a lesion precursor for transformation process in developing gastrointestinal Malignancy. Such transformation is known as adenocarcinoma sequence, a long-term process which usually does not elaborate any symptoms and remains asymptomatic. Since most colorectal polyps are asymptomatic, they are usually undiscovered at the time of diagnosis and results to the increasing case of Malignancy especially the colorectal cancer. Considering that colorectal cancer still becomes one of the most common causes of death and morbidity worldwide, early detection and elimination of colorectal polyp may have a significant role in preventing lower gastrointestinal tract Malignancy

Compatibility Test of Four Trichoderma Spp. Isolates on Several Synthetic Pesticides

This research aimed to study the compatibility of some Trichoderma spp. isolates on some synthetic chemical pesticides carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University from April up to July 2014. Trichoderma isolates were derived from rhizosphere exploration on ginger, banana, pineapple and shallot. The synthetic pesticides used were mancozeb and propineb (fungicides), oxytetracycline and streptomycin sulfate (agrimycin, bactericides), carbofuran (nematicide), and deltamethrin and prefenophos (insecticides: synthetic pyrethroids and chiral organophosphates, respectively). The compatibility test used food poisoning method in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Variables observed were discolouration, sporulation, colony diameter, conidia density, and fungal growth at pesticides treatment. The data were analyzed by F test at 5 % significant level and continued by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) when there was a significant difference. The result of the research showed that the most significant decreasing of Trichoderma spp. was found on mancozeb for shallot, ginger, and banana isolates, and propineb for pineapple isolate, respectively, 89.4, 97.7, 93.3, and 95.2 %. This result was in line with colour, sporulation, and inhibition level observation

Genome analysis of cellulose and hemicellulose degrading micromonospora sp. Cp22

In this study, a bacterial strain CP22 with ability to produce cellulase, xylanase and mannanase was isolated from the oil palm compost. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, the strain was affiliated to genus Micromonospora. To further investigate genes that are related to cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, the genome of strain CP22 was sequenced, annotated and analyzed. The de novo assembled genome of strain CP22 featured a size of 5,856,203 bp with G + C content of 70.84%. Detailed genome analysis on lignocellulose degradation revealed a total of 60 genes consisting of 47 glycoside hydrolase domains and 16 carbohydrate esterase domains predicted to be involved in cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic deconstruction. Particularly, 20 genes encode for cellulases (8 endoglucanases, 3 exoglucanases and 9 β-glucosidases) and 40 genes encode for hemicellulases (15 endo-1,4-β-xylanase, 3 β-xylosidase, 3 α-arabinofuranosidase, 10 acetyl xylan esterase, 6 polysaccharide deacetylase, 1 β-mannanase, 1 β-mannosidase and 1 α-galactosidase). Thirty-two genes encoding carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM) from six different families (CBM2, CBM4, CBM6, CBM9, CBM13 and CBM22) were present in the genome of strain CP22. These CBMs were found in 27 cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic genes, indicating their potential role in enhancing the substrate-binding capability of the enzymes. CBM2 and CBM13 are the major CBMs present in cellulases and hemicellulases (xylanases and mannanases), respectively. Moreover, a GH10 xylanase was found to contain 3 CBMs (1 CBM9 and 2 CBM22) and these CBMs were reported to bind specifically to xylan. This genome-based analysis could facilitate the exploration of this strain for lignocellulosic biomass degradation

Characterization of the mechanism of prolonged adaptation to osmotic stress of Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis via genome and transcriptome sequencing analyses

Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis, a moderate halophilic bacterium isolated from a pelagic area, can endure higher concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) than other Jeotgalibacillus type strains. In this study, we therefore chose to sequence and assemble the entire J. malaysiensis genome. This is the first report to provide a detailed analysis of the genomic features of J. malaysiensis, and to perform genetic comparisons between this microorganism and other halophiles. J. malaysiensis encodes a native megaplasmid (pJeoMA), which is greater than 600 kilobases in size, that is absent from other sequenced species of Jeotgalibacillus. Subsequently, RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis was utilised to examine adaptations of J. malaysiensis to osmotic stress. Specifically, the eggNOG (evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes) databases were used to elucidate the overall effects of osmotic stress on the organism. Generally, saline stress significantly affected carbohydrate, energy, and amino acid metabolism, as well as fatty acid biosynthesis. Our findings also indicate that J. malaysiensis adopted a combination of approaches, including the uptake or synthesis of osmoprotectants, for surviving salt stress. Among these, proline synthesis appeared to be the preferred method for withstanding prolonged osmotic stress in J. malaysiensis