Amyloid-β40 (A) and 42 (B) levels in the hippocampus in the four groups: C-WT, D-WT, C-ApoE(−/−), and D-ApoE(−/−).

<p>For each group, the results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6). C, control; D, occlusal disharmony; WT, wild-type rats; ApoE(−/−), apoE-deficient rats. ^a<i>P</i> < 0.0125 compared with the C-WT group at 8 weeks (t test with Bonferroni correction). ^b<i>P</i> < 0.0125 compared with the C-ApoE(−/−) group at 8 weeks (t test with Bonferroni correction).</p

Serum levels of corticosterone in the four groups: C-WT, D-WT, C-ApoE(−/−), and D-ApoE(−/−).

<p>For each group, the results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6). C, control; D, occlusal disharmony; WT, wild-type rats; ApoE(−/−), apoE-deficient rats. ^a<i>P</i> < 0.0125 compared with the C-WT group at 8 weeks (t test with Bonferroni correction). ^b<i>P</i> < 0.0125 compared with the C-ApoE(−/−) group at 8 weeks (t test with Bonferroni correction).</p

Maze task behavioral performance.

<p>The required time (A), error (B), and reference memory (C) are shown in the graphs. For each group, the results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6). C, control; D, occlusal disharmony; WT, wild-type rats; ApoE(−/−), apoE-deficient rats. ^a<i>P</i> < 0.0125 compared with the C-WT group at 8 weeks (t test with Bonferroni correction). ^b<i>P</i> < 0.0125 compared with the C-ApoE(−/−) group at 8 weeks (t test with Bonferroni correction).</p

Effect of BV administration after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR) in the lungs.

<p>The rats were randomly divided into two groups: a HSR/Vehicle group, which was administered vehicle after HSR, and a HSR/BV group, which was administered BV after HSR. BV (35 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected via the femoral vein after resuscitation. (<b>A</b>) Representative images from five independent experiments (hematoxylin–eosin staining, original magnification ×200, scale bar  = 100 µm). (<b>B</b>) lung histopathological score 12 h after HSR. (<b>C</b>) Mitochondrial 8-OHdG levels in the lungs 3 h after HSR. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (n = 5 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. ^*p<0.05 vs. HSR/Vehicle.</p

Lung wet/dry ratio after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR).

<p>Lungs from the HSR group rats treated with or without biliverdin (BV) were excised 12 h after resuscitation and lung wet/dry ratio was measured. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (n = 5 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference test. ^* p<0.05 vs. vehicle/sham; ^?p<0.05 vs. BV/sham; ^#p<0.05 vs. vehicle/HSR. Vehicle/sham, vehicle-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; BV/sham, BV-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; vehicle/HSR, vehicle-administered animals subjected to sham; BV/HSR, BV-administered animals subjected to sham.</p

Aquaporin-5 and 8-hydroxy-2′ deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) expression in the lungs after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR).

<p>Sections of lungs obtained 3 h after resuscitation were subjected to fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis for 8-OHdG (green) and aquaporin-5 (red). Above row: 8-OHdG-positive cells in the vehicle/sham (A), BV/sham (B), vehicle/HSR (C) and BV/HSR groups (D). Middle row: aquaporin-5-positive cells in the vehicle/sham (E), BV/HSR (F), vehicle/HSR (G), and BV/HSR groups (H). Bottom row: merged images of 8-OHdG and aquaporin-5 in the vehicle/sham (I), BV/sham (J), vehicle/HSR (K), and BV/HSR groups (L). Vehicle/sham, vehicle-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; BV/Sham, BV-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; vehicle/HSR, vehicle-administered animals subjected to HSR; BV/HSR, BV-administered animals subjected to HSR. Scale bar  = 50 µm. All images shown were visualized with a 20×0.5 objective lens.</p

Levels of 8-hydroxy-2′ deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the lungs after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR).

<p>Lungs from the HSR group rats treated with or without biliverdin (BV) were excised 3 h after resuscitation and mitochondrial 8-OHdG levels were measured. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (n = 5 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey–Kramer honestly significant difference test. ^*p<0.05 vs. vehicle/sham; ^†p<0.05 vs. BV/sham; ^#p<0.05 vs. vehicle/HSR. Vehicle/sham, vehicle-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; BV/sham, BV-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; vehicle/HSR, vehicle-administered animals subjected to HSR; BV/HSR, BV-administered animals subjected to HSR.</p

Neutrophil accumulation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lungs after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR).

<p>Lungs from the HSR group rats treated with or without biliverdin (BV) were excised 12 h after resuscitation. Neutrophils were stained by the naphthol AS-D chloroacetate method and MPO activity was measured. (A) Each photograph is representative of five independent experiments. The arrows indicate positively stained neutrophils (original magnification ×400, scale bar  = 50 µm). (B) The number of neutrophils in five nonconsecutive lung sections per rat at a magnification of ×400 (n = 5 per group). (C) Lung MPO activity (n = 6 per group). Data are presented as means ± standard deviation and were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance followed by Tukey–Kramer honestly significant difference test. ^*p<0.05 vs. vehicle/sham; ^†p<0.05 vs. BV/sham; ^#p<0.05 vs. vehicle/HSR. Vehicle/sham, vehicle-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; BV/sham, BV-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; vehicle/HSR, vehicle-administered animals subjected to HSR; BV/HSR, BV-administered animals subjected to HSR.</p

Gene expression of inflammatory mediators in the lungs after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR).

<p>Lungs from the HSR group rats treated with vehicle or biliverdin (BV) were excised at 3 h after resuscitation and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA were determined by Northern blot analysis. (Left) The autoradiographic signals of RNA blot hybridized with [α-³²P] deoxycytidine triphosphate-labeled TNF-α (<b>A</b>) or iNOS (<b>B</b>) cDNA. (Right) Concentrations of TNF-α and iNOS mRNA were expressed as arbitrary units. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation and were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance followed by Tukey–Kramer honestly significant difference test (n = 3 per group). ^*p<0.05 vs. vehicle/sham; ^†p<0.05 vs. BV/sham; ^#p<0.05 vs. vehicle/HSR. Vehicle/sham, vehicle-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; BV/Sham, BV-administered animals subjected to sham surgery; vehicle/HSR, vehicle-administered animals subjected to HSR; BV/HSR, BV-administered animals subjected to HSR.</p

Associations between dental knowledge, source of dental knowledge and oral health behavior in Japanese university students: A cross-sectional study

<div><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between dental knowledge, the source of dental knowledge and oral health behavior in a group of students at a university in Japan. A total of 2,220 university students (1,276 males, 944 females) volunteered to undergo an oral examination and answer a questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed dental knowledge, the source of dental knowledge and oral health behavior (e.g., daily frequency of tooth brushing, use of dental floss and regular dental checkups). The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for oral health behavior based on dental knowledge and source of dental knowledge were calculated using logistic regression models. Of the participants, 1,266 (57.0%) students obtained dental knowledge from dental clinics, followed by school (39.2%) and television (29.1%). Logistic regression analyses indicated that use of dental floss was significantly associated with source of dental knowledge from dental clinics (<i>P</i> = 0.006). Receiving regular dental checkups was significantly associated with source of dental knowledge; the positive source was dental clinic (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and the negative sources were school (<i>P</i> = 0.004) and television (<i>P</i> = 0.018). Dental clinic was the most common source of dental knowledge and associated with better oral health behavior among the Japanese university students in this study.</p></div