Additional file 1 of Differences in the treatment needs of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and their caregivers and differences in their physicians’ awareness of those treatment needs according to the clinical department visited by the patients: a subanalysis of an observational survey study

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Scores for each item of the MMSE-J. Supplementary Table 2. Scores for each item of the NPI-12. Supplementary Table 3. Scores for each item of the MDS-UPDRS Part III. Supplementary Table 4. Scores for each item of the MDS-UPDRS Part II. Supplementary Table 5. Symptom domains and individual symptoms for each domain that caused patients the most distress. Supplementary Table 6. Symptom domains and individual symptoms for each domain that caused caregivers the most distress

Relationship between Eating Disturbance and Dementia Severity in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

<div><p>Background</p><p>Eating is one of the most important daily activities in managing patients with dementia. Although various eating disturbance occur as dementia progresses, to our knowledge, most of the studies focused on a part of eating disturbance such as swallowing and appetite. There have been few comprehensive studies including eating habits and food preference in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aims of this study were to investigate almost all eating disturbance and to examine the relationship of eating disturbance to dementia stage in AD.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 220 patients with AD and 30 normal elderly (NE) subjects were recruited. Eating disturbance was assessed by a comprehensive questionnaire that had been previously validated. Potential relationships between the characteristics of eating disturbance and dementia stage as classified by the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) were assessed.</p><p>Results</p><p>Overall, 81.4% of patients with AD showed some eating and swallowing disturbance, whereas only 26.7% of the NE subjects had such a disturbance. Even in an early stage, patients with AD had many types of eating disturbance; “Appetite change” was shown in nearly half of the mild AD patients (49.5%). In the moderate stage, the scores of “change of eating habits and food preference” were highest, and in the severe stage “swallowing disturbance” became critical.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>In AD, the relationship of dementia stage to eating disturbance differs according to the type of eating disturbance. The relationships between various eating disturbance and the severity of dementia should be considered.</p></div

sj-xlsx-1-isp-10.1177_00207640241245926 – Supplemental material for Prevalence of and factors influencing Hikikomori in Osaka City, Japan: A population-based cross-sectional study

Supplemental material, sj-xlsx-1-isp-10.1177_00207640241245926 for Prevalence of and factors influencing Hikikomori in Osaka City, Japan: A population-based cross-sectional study by Koji Kanai, Yuri Kitamura, Ling Zha, Kenta Tanaka, Manabu Ikeda and Tomotaka Sobue in International Journal of Social Psychiatry</p

Table_1_Case report: Environmental adjustment for visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies based on photo assessment of the living environment.docx

BackgroundVisual hallucinations (VH) are associated with visual prediction error in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Given this relationship, environmental adjustments have been suggested, but detailed contents for implementing such environmental adjustments and assessments are poorly documented. This case report preliminarily demonstrates methods for improving VH through our experience with two patients with DLB. We conducted familial interviews to assess the phenomenological features of VH and reviewed photographs of patients’ homes to identify the environmental triggers of VH, known as photo assessment of the living environment (PA-LE).Case descriptionPatient 1 was a 78-year-old woman with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 11/30. She experienced seeing a stranger, children, and cats at home, which frightened her. VH frequently occurred in the living room and bedroom. The PA-LE showed that several environmental features, such as cushions on a sofa, the pattern on a carpet under a table, and clothing on hangers, were suggestive triggers of VH. Patient 2 was an 88-year-old woman with a MMSE score of 5/30. She had seen strangers, children, and animals at home, some of which were linked to a theft delusion. VH frequently occurred in the living room and bedroom. The PA-LE found that several environmental features, such as clothing on hangers and dolls, were suggestive of VH triggers. Non-pharmacological approaches were tailored to the patients’ environmental and psychological states using interviews and PA-LE. This included removing environmental triggers, reducing negative mood, and providing coping strategies for VH. This improved their VH and their caregivers’ knowledge of VH.ConclusionPhenomenological assessments using photographs of the patient’s home could identify the environmental triggers associated with VH in patients with DLB and assist in environmental adjustments.</p

Image_1_Case report: Environmental adjustment for visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies based on photo assessment of the living environment.tiff

BackgroundVisual hallucinations (VH) are associated with visual prediction error in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Given this relationship, environmental adjustments have been suggested, but detailed contents for implementing such environmental adjustments and assessments are poorly documented. This case report preliminarily demonstrates methods for improving VH through our experience with two patients with DLB. We conducted familial interviews to assess the phenomenological features of VH and reviewed photographs of patients’ homes to identify the environmental triggers of VH, known as photo assessment of the living environment (PA-LE).Case descriptionPatient 1 was a 78-year-old woman with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 11/30. She experienced seeing a stranger, children, and cats at home, which frightened her. VH frequently occurred in the living room and bedroom. The PA-LE showed that several environmental features, such as cushions on a sofa, the pattern on a carpet under a table, and clothing on hangers, were suggestive triggers of VH. Patient 2 was an 88-year-old woman with a MMSE score of 5/30. She had seen strangers, children, and animals at home, some of which were linked to a theft delusion. VH frequently occurred in the living room and bedroom. The PA-LE found that several environmental features, such as clothing on hangers and dolls, were suggestive of VH triggers. Non-pharmacological approaches were tailored to the patients’ environmental and psychological states using interviews and PA-LE. This included removing environmental triggers, reducing negative mood, and providing coping strategies for VH. This improved their VH and their caregivers’ knowledge of VH.ConclusionPhenomenological assessments using photographs of the patient’s home could identify the environmental triggers associated with VH in patients with DLB and assist in environmental adjustments.</p

Results of logistic regression analysis for the relationship between saving appearance responses and AD in people with AD and MCI.

<p>Results of logistic regression analysis for the relationship between saving appearance responses and AD in people with AD and MCI.</p

Results of logistic regression analysis for the relationship between saving appearance responses and AD in people with AD and DLB.

<p>Results of logistic regression analysis for the relationship between saving appearance responses and AD in people with AD and DLB.</p

Demographics of participants.

<p>Demographics of participants.</p

The percentages of people who had the saving appearance responses (SARs).

<p>MCI: mild cognitive impairment; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies; *: <i>P</i> < 0.05 with Bonfferoni correction.</p

Prevalence of abnormal blood marker values (%).

<p>Prevalence of abnormal blood marker values (%).</p