Dynamic body acceleration improves mapping of at-sea foraging behavior in black-tailed gulls Larus crassirostris

Areas at which seabirds forage intensively can be discriminated by tracking the individuals' at-sea movements. However, such tracking data may not accurately reflect the birds' exact foraging locations. In addition to tracking data, gathering information on the dynamic body acceleration of individual birds may refine inferences on their foraging activity. Our aim was to classify the foraging behaviors of surface-feeding seabirds using data on their body acceleration and use this signal to discriminate areas where they forage intensively. Accordingly, we recorded the foraging movements and body acceleration data from seven and ten black-tailed gulls Larus crassirostris in 2017 and 2018, respectively, using GPS loggers and accelerometers. By referring to video footage of flying and foraging individuals, we were able to classify flying (flapping flight, gliding and hovering), foraging (surface plunging, hop plunging and swimming) and maintenance (drifting, preening, etc.) behaviors using the speed, body angle and cycle and amplitude of body acceleration of the birds. Foraging areas determined from acceleration data corresponded roughly with sections of low speed and area-restricted searching (ARS) identified from the GPS tracks. However, this study suggests that the occurrence of foraging behaviors may be overestimated based on low-speed trip sections, because birds may exhibit long periods of reduced movement devoted to maintenance. Opposite, the ARS-based approach may underestimate foraging behaviors since birds can forage without conducting an ARS. Therefore, our results show that the combined use of accelerometers and GPS tracking helps to adequately determine the important foraging areas of black-tailed gulls. Our approach may contribute to better discriminate ecologically or biologically significant areas in marine environments

Diffusion-Weighted Whole Body Imaging With Background Body Signal Suppression (DWIBS)

Diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS) is a technique designed for whole-body screening of cancer. In the breast, it can provide stable fat suppression and excellent contrast between the tumor and the background mammary glandular tissue. Thanks to its effective attenuation of surface body fat, DWIBS is useful to depict lesions on maximum intensity projection images, and this feature translates into an efficient reading speed. Therefore DWIBS is a promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method for noncontrast-enhanced breast cancer screening. However, it is important to use DWIBS in combination with other sequences because only relying on the detection of high-signal-intensity areas on DWIBS could result in a high number of false positives. In addition, because the image quality of DWIBS may vary across scanner vendors, but also between the same types of scanners of the same vendor, some standardization is necessary to continuously check and monitor image quality to ensure that the signal intensity of the mammary gland is sufficiently higher than that of the surrounding fat