SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF MICONAZOLE NITRATE FOR FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE GEL

The goal of the present investigation is formulation and evaluation of a mucoadhesive gel for buccal delivery after solubility enhancement of very slightly water-soluble drug Miconazole Nitrate. Miconazole Nitrate is imidazole derivative useful in treatment of oropharyngeal Candidiasis, the most common infection in AIDS patients. The method namely solvent deposition with inclusion complex, solid dispersion with inclusion complex and solvent deposition with solid dispersion are used for solubility enhancement. Various polymers such as Lactose, β-CD and PEG-6000 are those polymers which were used for individual methods like SolD, IC and SD respectively all the batches are evaluated for their water solubility and In-vitro release. Enhancement of dissolution rates with increasing quantity of β-CD, Lactose and PEG in the complexes is observed. Water solubility of Miconazole Nitrate is enhanced up to 321.9 times by using combination of methods (solvent deposition with inclusion complex) and mucoadhesive antifungal gel of Miconazole Nitrate is prepared with improved drug release in to the buccal cavity which ensures effective treatment of local fungal infection-Oropharyngeal Candidiasis.   Keywords:Mucoadhesive, dissolution rate, solubility enhancement

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS PATENT: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT This article evaluates patent protection as an incentive mechanism for biotechnology innovation in India, Recent enhancements to India's patent laws, a new acceptance of biotechnology patents. It analyses the international patenting trends, patents that have significant impact and countries active in patenting. It also examines Indian patenting activity and its comparison with international trends to assess the Indian efforts. The patentability of products is essential in the biotechnology field, for limited market exclusivity compensates biotech companies' investments in research and development. The biotechnology field also uniquely faces Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approval, which includes considerable additional expense and time issues a biotech company must address

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES OF MUCILAGE OBTAINED FROM TRIGONELLA FOENUM GREACUM L. SEED AND TAMARINDUS INDICA POLYSACCHARIDE AS A PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENT

Now-a-days natural or herbal products are more often used in comparison to synthetic products because of its low toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility and its cheaper cost. The main aim of this study is to isolate and characterize mucilage obtained from Trigonella foenum graecum L. seed and Tamarindus indica polysaccharide as pharmaceutical excipients. Both isolated mucilages are extracted by different methods i.e., hot water extraction method and reflux method respectively. Ethyl alcohol is used in the isolation of mucilages. Solubility behaviour of isolated mucilages with different solvents was also studied. Different phytochemical characterization of isolated mucilages were studied like bulk and tapped densities, compressibility index, hausner’s ratio and swelling index etc. and some identification tests were also carried out for presence of carbohydrate, fats, oils etc. keywords: Methi, tamarind, extraction, mucilage, excipient

Evaluation of Antitumor Efficacy of Chitosan-Tamarind Gum Polysaccharide Polyelectrolyte Complex Stabilized Nanoparticles of Simvastatin

Purpose: The present study was intended to fabricate chitosan (Ch)-tamarind gum polysaccharide (TGP) polyelectrolyte complex stabilized cubic nanoparticles of simvastatin and evaluate their potential against human breast cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The antisolvent precipitation method was used for formulation of nanoparticles. Factorial design (32 ) was utilized as a tool to analyze the effect of Ch and TGP concentration on particle size and entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles. Results: Formulated nanoparticles showed high entrapment efficiency (67.19±0.42–83.36 ±0.23%) and small size (53.3–383.1 nm). The present investigation involved utilization of two biological membranes (egg and tomato) as biological barriers for drug release. The study revealed that drug release from tomato membranes was retarded (as compared to egg membranes) but the release pattern matched that of egg membranes. All formulations followed the Baker–Lansdale model of drug release irrespective of the two different biological barriers. Stability studies were carried out for 45 days and exhibited less variation in particle size as well as a reduction in entrapment efficiency. Simvastatin loaded PEC stabilized nanoparticles exhibited better control on growth of human breast cancer cell lines than simple simvastatin. An unusual anticancer effect of simvastatin nanoparticles is also supported by several other research studies. Conclusion: The present study involves first-time synthesis of Ch-TGP polyelectrolyte complex stabilized nanoparticles of simvastatin against MCF-7 cells. It recommends that, in future, theoretical modeling and IVIVC should be carried out for perfect designing of delivery systems

Determination of Temperature-Dependent Coefficients of Viscosity and Surface Tension of Tamarind Seeds (Tamarindus indica L.) Polymer

The rheological properties of tamarind seed polymer are characterized for its possible commercialization in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Seed polymer was extracted using water as a solvent and ethyl alcohol as a precipitating agent. The temperature’s effect on the rheological behavior of the polymeric solution was studied. In addition to this, the temperature coefficient, viscosity, surface tension, activation energy, Gibbs free energy, Reynolds number, and entropy of fusion were calculated by using the Arrhenius, Gibbs–Helmholtz, Frenkel–Eyring, and Eotvos equations, respectively. The activation energy of the gum was found to be 20.46 ± 1.06 kJ/mol. Changes in entropy and enthalpy were found to be 23.66 ± 0.97 and −0.10 ± 0.01 kJ/mol, respectively. The calculated amount of entropy of fusion was found to be 0.88 kJ/mol. A considerable decrease in apparent viscosity and surface tension was produced when the temperature was raised. The present study concludes that the tamarind seed polymer solution is less sensitive to temperature change in comparison to Albzia lebbac gum, Ficus glumosa gum and A. marcocarpa gum. This study also concludes that the attainment of the transition state of viscous flow for tamarind seed gum is accompanied by bond breaking. The excellent physicochemical properties of tamarind seed polymers make them promising excipients for future drug formulation and make their application in the food and cosmetics industry possibl

Evaluation and Characterization of Tamarind Gum Polysaccharide: The Biopolymer

Polymers from natural sources are widely used as excipients in the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The objective of this study was to extract and further characterize the tamarind gum polysaccharide (TGP) obtained from Tamarindus indica as an excipient for biomedical applications. Double distilled water was used as a solvent for the extraction of gum while Ethyl alcohol was used as an antisolvent for the precipitation. The results of the Hausner ratio, Carr’s index and angle of repose were found to be 0.94, 6.25, and 0.14, respectively, which revealed that the powder is free-flowing with good flowability. The gum was investigated for purity by carrying out chemical tests for different phytochemical constituents and only carbohydrates were found to be present. The swelling index was found to be 87 ± 1%, which shows that TGP has good water intake capacity. The pH of the 1% gum solution was found to be neutral, approximately 6.70 ± 0.01. The ash values such as total ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, and water-soluble ash were found to be 14.00 ± 1.00%, 13.00 ± 0.05%, 14.04 ± 0.57% and 7.29 ± 0.06%, respectively. The IR spectra confirmed the presence of alcohol, amines, ketones, anhydrides groups. The contact angle was <90°, indicating favorable wetting and good spreading of liquid over the surface The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that the particle is spherical in shape and irregular. DSC analysis shows a sharp exothermic peak at 350 °C that shows its crystalline nature. The results of the evaluated properties showed that TGP has acceptable properties and can be used as a excipient to formulate dosage forms for biomedical applications

Chitosan-Coated 5-Fluorouracil Incorporated Emulsions as Transdermal Drug Delivery Matrices

The purpose of the present study was to develop emulsions encapsulated by chitosan on the outer surface of a nano droplet containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a model drug. The emulsions were characterized in terms of size, pH and viscosity and were evaluated for their physicochemical properties such as drug release and skin permeation in vitro. The emulsions containing tween 80 (T80), sodium lauryl sulfate, span 20, and a combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and T20 exhibited a release of 88%, 86%, 90% and 92%, respectively. Chitosan-modified emulsions considerably controlled the release of 5-FU compared to a 5-FU solution (p < 0.05). All the formulations enabled transportation of 5-FU through a rat’s skin. The combination (T80, PEG) formulation showed a good penetration profile. Different surfactants showed variable degrees of skin drug retention. The ATR-FTIR spectrograms revealed that the emulsions mainly affected the fluidization of lipids and proteins of the stratum corneum (SC) that lead to enhanced drug permeation and retention across the skin. The present study concludes that the emulsions containing a combination of surfactants (Tween) and a co-surfactant (PEG) exhibited the best penetration profile, prevented the premature release of drugs from the nano droplet, enhanced the permeation and the retention of the drug across the skin and had great potential for transdermal drug delivery. Therefore, chitosan-coated 5-FU emulsions represent an excellent possibility to deliver a model drug as a transdermal delivery system

Evaluation and Characterization of Tamarind Gum Polysaccharide: The Biopolymer

Polymers from natural sources are widely used as excipients in the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The objective of this study was to extract and further characterize the tamarind gum polysaccharide (TGP) obtained from Tamarindus indica as an excipient for biomedical applications. Double distilled water was used as a solvent for the extraction of gum while Ethyl alcohol was used as an antisolvent for the precipitation. The results of the Hausner ratio, Carr’s index and angle of repose were found to be 0.94, 6.25, and 0.14, respectively, which revealed that the powder is free-flowing with good flowability. The gum was investigated for purity by carrying out chemical tests for different phytochemical constituents and only carbohydrates were found to be present. The swelling index was found to be 87 ± 1%, which shows that TGP has good water intake capacity. The pH of the 1% gum solution was found to be neutral, approximately 6.70 ± 0.01. The ash values such as total ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, and water-soluble ash were found to be 14.00 ± 1.00%, 13.00 ± 0.05%, 14.04 ± 0.57% and 7.29 ± 0.06%, respectively. The IR spectra confirmed the presence of alcohol, amines, ketones, anhydrides groups. The contact angle was &lt;90°, indicating favorable wetting and good spreading of liquid over the surface The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that the particle is spherical in shape and irregular. DSC analysis shows a sharp exothermic peak at 350 °C that shows its crystalline nature. The results of the evaluated properties showed that TGP has acceptable properties and can be used as a excipient to formulate dosage forms for biomedical applications

Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry − An overview

10-18Plant and their products have always been a source of various drugs and excipients used in pharmaceutical formulations. Pectin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has in recent years gained increased importance. The benefits of natural pectin are also appreciated by scientists and consumer due to its biodegradability. Pectin is the methylated ester of polygalacturonic acid and it is commercially extracted from citrus peels and apple pomace under mildly acidic conditions. Pectin is divided into two major groups on the basis of their degree of esterification. The association of pectin chains leads to the formation of the three dimensional networks giving gel formation. Since ages pectin is being used in the formulation of various dosage forms wherein it acts as a promising natural polymer for drug delivery. Pectin possesses several requisite characteristics to be used as polymer in drug development and release kinetics. In the present review we have compiled the major sources, extraction process and properties of pectin. The major fields and areas of its applications as a promising polymer have also been discussed. The pectin, by itself or by its gelling properties, is employed in pharmaceutical industry as a carrier for drug delivery to the gastrointestinal tract, such as matrix tablets, gel beads, film-coated dosage form. This review has also discussed the important chemistry and general properties of pectin, and its gel formation mechanism and properties