NANOSUSPENSION: AN OVERVIEW

Nanosuspensions are important carriers to develop novel drug formulations. Nanosuspensions have emerged as a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs because of their versatile features and unique advantages. Nanosuspension technology solved the problem of drugs which are poorly aqueous soluble and less bioavailability. Stability and bioavailability of the drugs can be improved by the Nanosuspension technology. Techniques such as media milling and high-pressure homogenization have been used commercially for producing nanosuspensions. Nanosuspensions can be delivered by oral, parenteral, pulmonary and ocular routes. Nanosuspensions can also be used for targeted drug delivery when incorporated in theOcular inserts and mucoadhesive hydrogels. Currently, efforts are being directed to extending their applications in site-specific drug delivery

Formulation, development, and evaluation of Silymarin loaded topical gel for fungal infection

The objective of work was the formulation of Silymarin Loaded Topical gel obtained from the seeds of plant Silybum Marianum (L). Silymarin is a composition of flavolignan. It includes Silibinin, Silydianin, Silychristin, and isosilybinin. silymarin is used as Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-fibrotic, Immunomodulatory a Liver Regenerating action. It also used in viral hepatitis neuroprotective and Neurotropic action. The different type of formulation available in tablet, capsule, syrup, suspension, nanoparticles in the market. The aim of the study was to formulate and develop silymarin Loaded gel and to check its Antipsoriasis activity, with the use of Methanol as co-solvent the HPMC as Gel forming Agent and Methyl paraben and propyl paraben as Preservative. The glycerin acts as Humectant and Tween 80 used as a surfactant. The Characterization of gel such as pH, Drug content, spreadability, viscosity, in-vitro drug release was carried out in pH 6, Primary skin irritation test and antifungal activity were checked. The drug content was found to be 95.8%. Spreadability of the gel was found to be 20.66gm cm/sec. The pH of silymarin loaded gel was found to be 6.9. The silymarin loaded gel shows the pseudoplastic flow from the rheogram. It shows Drug release 96.08% over a period of 3h. There was no acute skin irritancy found

Building information modelling, a tool for green built environment

To create any green built environment, it is of primary importance that project stakeholders including designer, energy modeller, estimator, climatologist, environmentalist, etc. contribute and become accountable towards the same. Building information modelling (BIM) is one such tool which not only stands as a 3D geometric modelling tool, but also supplies useful information, data about several aspects throughout the life-cycle of a project such as construction process, design and development of a facility, quantities and scheduling, fabrication process, and provides information required for facilities managers, stakeholders. Hence BIM based approach could also be extended for designing and developing green built environment. This piece of research explores role of building information modelling methodology in the development of green built environment. A BIM based approach assists professionals during the conception of green built environment in predicting the outcome(s) of its construction to minimise its impact on the environment throughout its life-cycle. A building model developed on the principles of BIM virtual representation of building can be presented to person/expert from non-construction/architectural background. It can provide appropriate data on demand to perform energy analysis and hence facilitates very complex and so call tedious process of sustainable design, such as day-lighting, morphological analysis, computational fluidic dynamics (CFD), material takeoff, estimation, scheduling, energy modelling, resource planning, and so on

The application of automated rule checking to existing UK building regulations using BIM technologies

Building designs in countries like the United Kingdom are currently checked manually against a frequently changing and increasingly complex set of building regulations. It is a major task for designers and those bodies that are charged with enforcing building regulations. As a result, there can often be ambiguity, inconsistency in assessments and delays in the overall construction process. This scenario indicates the need for automated building regulation compliance checking, which is an easier and valid option. As part of this, a critical review is carried out of the building code compliance checking related efforts undertaken in different countries, including Australia, Singapore, Australia, Norway and USA. Furthermore, it is determined that the use of Building Information Models (BIM) and the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) standard is imperative for automated compliance checking in England and Wales. Most of the initiatives mentioned above focuses on creating object based rules and mapping the entities encapsulated within them to the international building model schema. The schema is designed to support the needs of an international user and takes little consideration of national semantics (e.g. UK practice and culture). Hence, the research focuses on creating UK building regulation specific data model schema. The analysis of Part-B1 through knowledge formalisation has resulted in identification of over 120 semantic entities. Using the output, a Part-B1 data model schema has been developed using EXPRESS-G language. Thus, an England and Wales building regulation specific, semantically rich, object model schema appropriate for the requirements of automated compliance checking has been developed. The data model schema development results into a document modeling method. This method was developed in a manner such that it would be applicable to model any building regulation technical document. The development of a document modeling method acts as a contribution to the knowledge as building experts, rule authors and computer programmers can use it for data modeling. The said methodology was implemented on a sample legislative document to validate its usefulness. Also through the research work, concepts such as knowledge formalisation and a clause filter system were coined and successfully utilised to overcome the issues related to unsuitability of building regulations. This work accounts as a contribution to knowledge due to its novelty. A clause filter system was developed primarily to extract appropriate information suitable for automated compliance checking. On the basis of various key findings, a detailed framework for automated compliance checking of the UK building regulations is delivered through the research work

An object model development for the UK automated compliance checking

Approving building designs against existing UK building regulations manually is a time consuming and tedious process. As the architecture engineering construction (AEC) industry moves from 2D CAD drawings to more semantically rich building information models (BIM), the development of automated compliance checking systems for building regulations becomes achievable. The Industry Foundation Class (IFC) has been accepted worldwide as an inter-operability standard and is a well suited format for automated compliance checking. However, whether the IFC data format can fully support the specialized needs of the UK Building Regulations is still debatable. In order to automate the checking of the building regulations they first need to be interpreted from a human readable free text rule into a set of computer implementable rules. This paper focuses on the analysis of the UK fire safety building regulations for dwellinghouses, to determine and subsequently optimize the potential for automated compliance checking. A UK Building Regulation specific semantically rich object model, appropriate for the requirements of automated compliance checking has been developed

Automated compliance checking using building information models

Building designs in the UK are currently checked manually against a frequently changing and increasingly complex set of building regulations. This is a major task for both designers and enforcers, often leading to ambiguity, inconsistency in assessments and delays in the overall construction process. Technical developments in Building Information Modelling (BIM) offer the potential for a new generation of software tools that can automate the checking of compliance with building codes, thus improving the efficiency of building design and procurement. To attain these efficiencies designers must change their working practices and move away from the definition of a building in multiple and disparate documents to a single coherent building model from which the documentation is generated. Theoretically, this building model could contain sufficient information to respond to interrogation at the level of building code compliance, though in practice only a percentage of the required information is normally present. This paper reviews previous research into automated code compliance, identifies the key issues for future development and examines the causes of information paucity for compliance checking in the current generation of BIM tools

Simulate construction schedules using BIM 4D application to track progress

The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is shifting from 2D CAD drawings to more semantically rich building information models (BIM). The arrival of BIM concept emphasises on adopting an approach of defining a building in a single building model with enough information to meet its various demands instead of defining it in disparate document. Further BIM is a tool which not only stands as a 3D geometric modelling tool, but also supplies useful information, data about several aspects throughout the life-cycle of a project such as design and development of a facility, construction process, quantities and scheduling, fabrication process, and information required for facilities managers, stakeholders. A BIM based approach assists professionals during the conception and designing of building but the same approach can also help in monitoring construction execution and maintain a control over it. This piece of research explores role of BIM methodology in the area of tracking schedules and monitoring of work progress by developing a building information model for a residential building, linking it with project planning systems and tracking it’s on site progress. This work is carried out using a simulation tool Navisworks Manage which helps simulate construction schedules in 4D to visually communicate and analyse project activities, and helps reduce delays and sequencing problems

Development of an object model for automated compliance checking

All rights reserved. Building designs in countries such as the United Kingdom are currently checked manually against a frequently changing and increasingly complex set of building regulations. This is a major task for designers and those bodies that are charged with enforcing the building regulations. As a result this can often lead to ambiguity, inconsistency in assessments and delays in the overall construction process. As the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry moves from 2D Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawings to more semantically rich Building Information Models (BIMs), the development of automated compliance checking systems for building regulations becomes achievable. A format well suited to the automation of compliance checking is that based upon Industry Foundation Class (IFC). IFC has been accepted worldwide as an inter-operability standard. However, whether the IFC data format can fully support the specialised needs of the England and Wales Building Regulations is still debatable. In order to automate their checking, building regulations first need to be interpreted from human-readable free text rules into a set of computer-implementable rules. This paper reviews previous research into automated code compliance-checking, identifies the key issues for future development, and focuses on the analysis of the England and Wales Building Regulations that relate to fire safety for dwelling houses, to determine and subsequently optimize the potential for automated compliance checking. Subsequently, a Building Regulation-specific, semantically rich object model, appropriate for the requirements of automated compliance checking has been developed for England and Wales