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Libraries and open society; Popper, Soros and digital information
This paper examines the role of libraries and information services, in promoting the āopen societyā espoused by Karl Popper and George Soros. After a brief discussion of the nature of an āopen societyā, the paper covers the role played by provision of knowledge and information, of new technology, particularly the Internet, and of critical thinking and digital literacy in the development of this form of society. Conclusions are drawn for the role of libraries and librarians, with seven general principles suggested:
ā¢ provision of access to a wide variety of sources without ānegativeā restriction or censorship
ā¢ provision of āpositiveā guidance on sources, based on open and objective criteria
ā¢ a recognition that a āfree flow of informationā though essential, is not sufficient
ā¢ a recognition that provision of factual information, while valuable, is not enough
ā¢ a need for a specific concern for the effect of new ICTs, and the Internet in particular
ā¢ promotion of critical thinking and digital literacy
ā¢ a need for explicit consideration of the ethical values of librarie
UDP-Gal: N-acetylglucosamine Ī² 1ā4 galactosyltransferase expressing live attenuated parasites as vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis
As compared to cutaneous leishmaniasis, vaccination
against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has received
limited attention. In this study, we demonstrate for the first
time that an UDP-Galactose: N-acetylglucosamine Ī² 1ā4
galactosyltransferase (GenBank Accession No. EF159943)
expressing attenuated LD clonal population (A-LD) is able
to confer protection against the experimental challenge with
the virulent LD AG83 parasite. A-LD was also effective in
established leishmania infection. The vaccinated animals
showed both cell mediated (in vitro T-cell proliferation, and
DTH response) and humoral responses (Th1 type). These
results demonstrate the potential of the attenuated clones as
an immunotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic agent
against visceral leishmaniasis