Anthropology Papers, No. 1: Kafr Akab, Life in a Lebanese Village

Sometime during the 1940\u27s I began a modest ethnological type of study of a Lebanese village by querying immigrants from that community who were residing in the United States. Later, according to my plans, I would visit Kafr Akab and observe lifeways there myself. Several circumstances prevented this plan from being completed. (1) I found myself in military service during World War II which, of course, prevented me from contacting American Lebanese informants, and, (2) after World War II I found employment at the University of Montana where my research interests had to be diverted to other subjects. Yet, I had collected some information on the subject of Kafr Akab, its history, and the lifeways of the people who lived there during the late 1890\u27s and early 1900\u27s. Thus, I record here the results of my very modest efforts. It may even have some value to ethnographers in its present state of completion.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/anthropology_papers/1000/thumbnail.jp

Anthropology Papers, No. 2: Salvage Archaeology and Its Application in Montana

The history of American archaeology has been traced back at least to Thomas Jefferson. (Jefferson, 1784). Salvage archaeology, on the other hand, is mostly traceable to post depression years, and particularly to post World War II times when Americans awakened with some appreciation for prehistoric remains, and that they were rapidly disappearing through progress through vast construction projects, changes in mechanizing farming and ranching, industry, travel, and even through sheer losses from vandalism. This was just a step toward what has been variously called: Public Archaeology, Emergency Archaeology, Rescue Archaeology, Mitigation Archaeology, Cultural Resources Management, and a number of other titles. This paper deals with a portion of the history of American archaeology known as Salvage Archaeology, and emphasizes its impact on the history of the archaeology of Montana.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/anthropology_papers/1001/thumbnail.jp

Carling I. Malouf Interview, October 7, 2004

Carling Malouf discusses his use of informants for his anthropological work, which helped him better understand the history of Native American tribes in Montana. He goes on to credit Thain White with discovering how Native Americans in Montana made syrup from the sap of Ponderosa pine trees. Malouf details the work he did with buffalo jumps, and he recalls his training in anatomy, which aided his physical anthropology work. He also discusses being drafted into the U.S. Army early in World War Two, and was trained in Officer Candidate School before being sent to work in an army prison in California. Malouf talks about his experience working on the defense counsel for court-martial cases.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/carlingmalouf_oralhistory/1003/thumbnail.jp

Carling I. Malouf Interview, September 28, 2004

Carling I. Malouf recalls a Peyote ritual he was invited to attend in 1939 and how he became an honorary member of the Crow tribe in Montana. He goes on to describe many aspects of Native American religion and culture including but not limited to history, linguistics, art, hunting, and gender. Malouf details Native American experiences of receiving a “gift,” or spiritual power, from a spirit in the form of an animal, person, or inanimate object, while noting that these powers had limitations. He compares Native American religions to other traditions around the globe, especially Christianity, and concludes that they held basic features in common. He notes that world traditions are more similar than they are different.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/carlingmalouf_oralhistory/1001/thumbnail.jp

Carling I. Malouf Interview, March 17, 1988

Carling I. Malouf, former professor of archaeology at the University of Montana-Missoula, discusses his role in the research and preservation of Fort Owen as an archaeological site. He explains how archaeologists and historians were able to trace the outlines of the fort by studying journals, hand-drawn maps, paintings, and oral histories of individuals who had formerly lived on site. Malouf also describes the layout of the fort’s foundations, some of the small finds discovered, and the ways that the modern historical site has been able to maintain the integrity of the former structures. He explains how the site became an important teaching tool for University of Montana archaeology and history students to use in hands-on studies. Malouf concludes by mentioning difficulties accessing funds to maintain a museum for onsite artifact display.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/mtcommunities_oralhistory/1024/thumbnail.jp

Carling I. Malouf Interview, October 5, 2004

Carling Malouf talks about what he calls “common denominators” among the many cultures of the world. He goes on to talk about his involvement with President Lyndon Johnson’s Head Start program. Malouf also discusses the development of the Sociology and Anthropology of Social Welfare joint department at the University of Montana. He recalls his concerns with a Montana state legislator, who sponsored a bill preventing state universities from printing academic journals. Malouf describes his role as a consultant on the Governor’s Task Force for Native Americans and the creation of the Lands Claim Commission. He goes on to discuss the tensions between different Native American tribes in Montana, and how that affected the acceptance of Jesuits among the tribes.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/carlingmalouf_oralhistory/1002/thumbnail.jp