Fungicides on our Corn Fields: A Case Study on Foliar Fungicide use Decisions in the U. S. Corn Belt

Foliar fungicide applications to improve yield response in the absence of disease risk are an increasingly important issue in the U. S. Corn Belt where about 90 million acres of hybrid corn (USDA, 2013) are grown each year (Fig. 1). In any one year, foliar fungicides are applied on approximately 10% of that acreage. This case study will help students understand the possible role of “plant health benefits” of foliar fungicides as another reason to use fungicides in addition to reducing disease risk and improving yields

Infection of Maize by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis Does Not Require Severe Wounding

Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize is caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. Infested residue is the primary source of inoculum and infection occurs via wounds caused by sand blasting, hail, or wind damage. The pathogen survives as an epiphyte on maize leaves and, because the disease has been observed on plants in the field with no obvious wounding, we wondered whether infection by epiphytic C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis and disease development could occur in the absence of severe wounding. Consequently, greenhouse experiments were done to evaluate disease development in the absence of wounding in ambient and increased humidity conditions. Maize plants at the V4 to V5 crop development stage were spray inoculated with a suspension of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (108 cells ml−1). Leaf blight incidence was assessed on whole plants and individual leaves; epiphytic populations of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis were monitored by dilution plating of leaf washes; and epiphytic C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis colonization was visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Goss’s leaf blight symptoms were observed on nonwounded plants in ambient (37.0% plant incidence) and increased humidity conditions (60.0% plant incidence). Populations of epiphytic C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis survived and increased on maize leaves, particularly at increased humidity. We observed C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis colonizing maize leaves in localized sites that included epidermal junctions, cuticle depressions, in and around stomata, and at the base of trichomes. Single cells and aggregates of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis were observed within substomatal chambers using SEM. These data indicate that severe wounding is not necessary for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis infection of maize, and stomata or trichomes may serve as entry points for the bacterium

Research insights in Goss’s wilt and leaf blight

Goss’s wilt and leaf blight is caused by the bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn). The disease was first reported in Nebraska in 1969 and soon after in the surrounding states including Iowa. Corn breeders identified resistance to the bacterium and by the 1980s the disease was no longer a threat to corn production except in eastern Nebraska. In 2008, Goss’s leaf blight was reported in eight counties in Iowa. In 2011, the disease was widespread throughout the state and up to 50 percent yield losses occurred in some fields

Children Consuming Cassava as a Staple Food are at Risk for Inadequate Zinc, Iron, and Vitamin A Intake

Cassava contains little zinc, iron, and β-carotene, yet it is the primary staple crop of over 250 million Africans. This study used a 24-hour dietary recall to test the hypothesis that among healthy children aged 2–5 years in Nigeria and Kenya, cassava’s contribution to the childrens’ daily diets is inversely related to intakes of zinc, iron, and vitamin A. Dietary and demographic data and anthropometric measurements were collected from 449 Kenyan and 793 Nigerian children. Among Kenyan children 89% derived at least 25% of their dietary energy from cassava, while among the Nigerian children 31% derived at least 25% of energy from cassava. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between the fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava and vitamin A intake was r = −0.15, P < 0.0001, zinc intake was r = −0.11, P < 0.0001 and iron intake was r = −0.36, P < 0.0001. In Kenya, 59% of children consumed adequate vitamin A, 22% iron, and 31% zinc. In Nigeria, 17% of children had adequate intake of vitamin A, 57% iron, and 41% zinc. Consumption of cassava is a risk factor for inadequate vitamin A, zinc and/or iron intake

Consuming cassava as a staple food places children 2-5 years old at risk for inadequate protein intake, an observational study in Kenya and Nigeria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inadequate protein intake is known to be deleterious in animals. Using WHO consensus documents for human nutrient requirements, the protein:energy ratio (P:E) of an adequate diet is > 5%. Cassava has a very low protein content. This study tested the hypothesis that Nigerian and Kenyan children consuming cassava as their staple food are at greater risk for inadequate dietary protein intake than those children who consume less cassava.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A 24 hour dietary recall was used to determine the food and nutrient intake of 656 Nigerian and 449 Kenyan children aged 2-5 years residing in areas where cassava is a staple food. Anthropometric measurements were conducted. Diets were scored for diversity using a 12 point score. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients were calculated to relate the fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava with protein intake, P:E, and dietary diversity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava was > 25% in 35% of Nigerian children and 89% of Kenyan children. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.0 in Nigerian children and 4.5 in Kenyan children, although the mean number of different foods consumed on the survey day in Nigeria was greater than Kenya, 7.0 compared to 4.6. 13% of Nigerian and 53% of Kenyan children surveyed had inadequate protein intake. The fraction of dietary energy derived from cassava was negatively correlated with protein intake, P:E, and dietary diversity. Height-for age z score was directly associated with protein intake and negatively associated with cassava consumption using regression modeling that controlled for energy and zinc intake.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Inadequate protein intake was found in the diets of Nigerian and Kenyan children consuming cassava as a staple food. Inadequate dietary protein intake is associated with stunting in this population. Interventions to increase protein intake in this vulnerable population should be the focus of future work.</p

Current characteristics of cassava mosaic in postepidemic areas increase the range of possible management options

As a case study to document the current characteristics of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) in post epidemic areas, surveys were carried out, in 2003 and2004, in Siaya District of western Kenya. This was an area affected by a severe CMD pandemic in the late 1990s. Data recorded on cassava varieties were CMD incidence, severity index and number of adult whiteflies. Farmers (174) wereinterviewed on their understanding of the disease and their knowledge andpractice of management interventions. Cassava cultivation was being re-established, but local landraces predominated. Resistant varieties were present13% in 2003, and 4% in 2004, of the surveyed fields. Adhiambolera was the most common variety, occurring in 35% and 40% of fields in 2003 and 2004, respectively, and had an average CMD incidence of 82% in 2003 and 73% in2004. By contrast, the CMD-resistant variety Migyera had a low mean incidence(28% in 2003). The overall incidence for both years was 71%, consisting of 61%as a result of infection through planting diseased cuttings and 10% as a result of whitefly infection. In 2003, the total incidence was 72% and the average severity 2.7 (severity index), while in 2004 the incidence was 78% and the severity2.6. There were significant severity variations in each division of the SiayaDistrict during the 2 years except for Karemo and Ukwala. The abundance of whiteflies on the top five leaves of plants was low in 2003 but high in 2004, with means of 1 and 16, respectively, over the same seven divisions in both years, although this variation was thought to be because of seasonal factors. EastAfrican cassava mosaic virus-Uganda was the predominant geminivirus present in every division. Phytosanitation by farmers was minimal, as evidenced by29% of farmers using a selection of CMD-free stems for planting and 15%using hand-roguing for CMD management. Occurrence of more than 25%CMD-free plants in 2004, moderate CMD severity and limited spread provide a conducive environment for the use of phytosanitation as a CMD control measure that can be immediately used by farmers growing their own cassava varieties

Fungicides on our Corn Fields: A Case Study on Foliar Fungicide use Decisions in the U. S. Corn Belt

Foliar fungicide applications to improve yield response in the absence of disease risk are an increasingly important issue in the U. S. Corn Belt where about 90 million acres of hybrid corn (USDA, 2013) are grown each year (Fig. 1). In any one year, foliar fungicides are applied on approximately 10% of that acreage. This case study will help students understand the possible role of “plant health benefits” of foliar fungicides as another reason to use fungicides in addition to reducing disease risk and improving yields.Thsi article is published as Mallowa, S.O., E.J. Braun, A.E. Robertson, and P.D. Esker. 2016. Fungicides on our Corn Fields: A Case Study on Foliar Fungicide use Decisions in the U. S. Corn Belt. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-T-2016-0607-01. Posted with permission.</p

Infection of Maize by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis Does Not Require Severe Wounding

Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize is caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. Infested residue is the primary source of inoculum and infection occurs via wounds caused by sand blasting, hail, or wind damage. The pathogen survives as an epiphyte on maize leaves and, because the disease has been observed on plants in the field with no obvious wounding, we wondered whether infection by epiphytic C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis and disease development could occur in the absence of severe wounding. Consequently, greenhouse experiments were done to evaluate disease development in the absence of wounding in ambient and increased humidity conditions. Maize plants at the V4 to V5 crop development stage were spray inoculated with a suspension of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (108 cells ml−1). Leaf blight incidence was assessed on whole plants and individual leaves; epiphytic populations of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis were monitored by dilution plating of leaf washes; and epiphytic C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis colonization was visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Goss’s leaf blight symptoms were observed on nonwounded plants in ambient (37.0% plant incidence) and increased humidity conditions (60.0% plant incidence). Populations of epiphytic C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis survived and increased on maize leaves, particularly at increased humidity. We observed C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis colonizing maize leaves in localized sites that included epidermal junctions, cuticle depressions, in and around stomata, and at the base of trichomes. Single cells and aggregates of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis were observed within substomatal chambers using SEM. These data indicate that severe wounding is not necessary for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis infection of maize, and stomata or trichomes may serve as entry points for the bacterium.This article is published as Mallowa, Sally O., Gladys Y. Mbofung, Sharon K. Eggenberger, Randall L. Den Adel, Sheila R. Scheiding, and Alison E. Robertson. "Infection of Maize by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis Does Not Require Severe Wounding." Plant Disease 100, no. 4 (2016): 724-731. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-08-15-0923-RE. Posted with permission.</p

Effect of Maize Hybrid and Foliar Fungicides on Yield Under Low Foliar Disease Severity Conditions

Foliar fungicide use in the U.S. Corn Belt increased in the last decade; however, questions persist pertaining to its value and sustainability. Multistate field trials were established from 2010 to 2012 in Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, and Wisconsin to examine how hybrid and foliar fungicide influenced disease intensity and yield. The experimental design was in a split-split plot with main plots consisting of hybrids varying in resistance to gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis) and northern corn leaf blight (caused by Setosphaera turcica), subplots corresponding to four application timings of the fungicide pyraclostrobin, and sub-subplots represented by inoculations with either C. zeae-maydis, S. turcica, or both at two vegetative growth stages. Fungicide application (VT/R1) significantly reduced total disease severity relative to the control in five of eight site-years (P P This article is published as Mallowa, S. O., Esker, P. D., Paul, P. A., Bradley, C. A., Chapara, V. R., Conley, S. P., and Robertson, A. E. 2015. Effect of maize hybrid and foliar fungicides on yield under low foliar disease severity conditions. Phytopathology 105:1080-1089. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-08-14-0210-R. Posted with permission.</p