Cellular automata cell structure for modeling heterogeneous traffic

Gap maintaining behavior significantly affects the traffic flow modeling under heterogeneous traffic conditions. The clearance between two adjacent moving vehicles varies depending on several traffic conditions. From the data collected on the gap maintaining behavior it has been observed that vehicles maintain different gaps when travelling under different traffic conditions and this is also influenced by lateral position of the vehicle. Mallikarjuna (2007) has found that this variable gap maintaining behavior can be explained using a macroscopic traffic characteristic called area occupancy. In this study, these relationships would be used in deciding the cell width which is the basic input for cellular automata (CA) based heterogeneous traffic flow models. It is proposed that the dominant vehicle in the traffic stream, its lateral position, and lateral gaps on either side are the governing factors in deciding the cell width. Cell width has been finalized based on this input and it is found to be varying when area occupancy is varying from 3 to 15%

SYNTHESIS, ANTICANCER AND ANTITUBERCULOSIS STUDIES FOR [1-(4-CHLOROPHENYL) CYCLOPROPYL] (PIPERAZINE-YL) METHANONE DERIVATES

Objective: Synthesis, anticancer and antituberculosis studies for 1-(4-Chlorophenyl) cyclopropyl] (piperazin-1-yl) methanone derivates 3a-j Methods: A series of new [1-(4-Chlorophenyl) cyclopropyl] (piperazin-1-yl) methanone derivates were synthesized using reductive amination method in presence of sodium triacetoxyborohydride to yield piperzine derivatives 3a-j. The structures of all newly synthesized compounds have been characterised by elemental analysis and spectral studies. Results: Five selected compounds have been screened for invitro anticancer activity against human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435 at 10, 20, 40 and 80 µG/mL concentration using sulforhodamine B assay method. and Two compounds 3a and 3c have shown in vitro anticancer activity. Five selected compounds have been screened for anti-tuberculosis activity using Middlebrook 7H-9 broth and standard strain of M. tb h37Rv. Three compounds 3a, 3b and 3c have shown significant antituberculosis Conclusion: Synthesis of [1-(4-Chlorophenyl) cyclopropyl] (piperazin-1-yl) methanone derivates 3a-j simple and convenient method. Some of the tested compounds have exhibited significant antituberculosis and anticancer activity. Compound 3c showed both antituberculosis and anticancer activity

DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF DOXORUBICIN HCL PRONIOSOMES BY-DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

Objective: The present research work was designed to formulate and optimize doxorubicin HCl proniosomes by design of experiment (DoE). Methods: A 4-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was used to explain multiple linear regression analysis and contour 3D plot responses. The independent variables selected were tween 20, cholesterol, hydration volume and sonication time; dependent variables percentage entrapment efficiency (PEE), mean vesicle size (MVS). Based on the Box-Behnken design 29 trial runs were studied and optimized for PEE and MVS. Further "Model F-Value" was calculated to confirm the omission of insignificant terms from the full-model equation to derive a multiple linear regression analysis to predict the PEE and MVS of niosomes derived from proniosomes. 3D plots were constructed to show the influence of independent variables on dependent variables. Results: PEE of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes was found to be in the range of 40.21-87.5%. The polynomial equation for PEE exhibited a good correlation coefficient (0.5524) and the "Model F-Value" of 7.41 implies the model is significant. P-values less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. The MVS of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes was found to be in the range of 325.2 nm to 420.25 nm. The mathematical model generated for MVS (R2) was found to be significant with model F-value of 54.22. There is only a 0.01% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise (P<0.0500) and R2 value of 0.9004. Conclusion: The DoE of Box-Behnken design demonstrated the role of the derived equation, 3D plot in predicting the values of dependent variables for the preparation and optimization of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes. The results suggest that doxorubicin HCl proniosomes can act as a promising carrier

PREPARATION, EVALUATION AND STABILITY OF LAMIVUDINE LOADED ALGINATE-TAMARIND MUCILAGE MICROSPHERES

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of obtaining a controlled, relatively constant effective level of lamivudine microspheres. Methods: Lamivudine loaded sodium alginate (SA) and tamarind mucilage(TM) mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation technique with three different proportions of SA and TM with different concentrations of CaCl2. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for drug loading, particle size distribution, surface morphology, FTIR, in vitro wash off, in vitro release and stability studies. Results: The microspheres were found to be free flowing having diameter ranging from 769.22 to 978.56 µm, drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE) was found to be 65.28 to 92.33%. Percent drug release after 12 h were ranging from 85±1.51 to 97±1.44. In vitro release profile of all formulations shows slow controlled release up to 12 h. In vitro wash off studies shown fairly good mucoadhesivity with 20% microspheres adhered after 6h. Stability studies showed that no significant change in particle size and maximum DEE in comparison to the formulation stored at room temperature. Results: The lamivudine loaded SA-TM mucoadhesive microspheres can be conveniently prepared which showed better result and it may be used full for controlling the drug release and improve the bioavailability

Nitrooxyethylation Reverses the Healing-Suppressant Effect of Ibuprofen

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs like ibuprofen impede tissue repair by virtue of retarding inflammation. The present study was undertaken to explore if linking of nitrooxyethyl ester to ibuprofen reverses its healing-depressant propensity. Nitrooxyethyl ester of ibuprofen (NOE-Ibu) was synthesized in our laboratory through a well-established synthetic pathway. NOE-Ibu was screened for its influence on collagenation, wound contraction and epithelialization phases of healing, and scar size of healed wound in three wound models, namely, incision, dead space, and excision wounds. Besides, its influence on the oxidative stress (levels of GSH and TBARS) was also determined in 10-day-old granulation tissue. NOE-Ibu was further screened for its antiinflammatory activity in rat paw edema model. NOE-Ibu promoted collagenation (increase in breaking strength, granulation weight, and collagen content), wound contraction and epithelialization phases of healing. NOE-Ibu also showed a significant antioxidant effect in 10-day-old granulation tissue as compared to ibuprofen. Results vindicate that the esterification of ibuprofen with nitrooxyethyl group reverses the healing-suppressant effect of ibuprofen. The compound also showed equipotent antiinflammatory activity as ibuprofen

In vitro Culture of Ovules and Embryos from some Incompatible Interspecific Crosses in the Genus Arachis L.

In vrtro culture of ovules and embyros IS commonly used to produce hybrrds from rncompalrble crosses. In several mlerspecrlrc crossar in Arachlr, ovule and or embryo cullure rs necessary because the ovules do nor develop lully in vrvo Ovule srzes from drfferml crosses and dliierenr hormone lrealmenrs range lrom less then 0 3 mm lo 5 0 mm, rarely 7 0 mm Ovules smaller than 3 0 mm had to be cultured mlrre as the proembryos rhey conlamed were roo small lor drsseclron and cullure Ovules larger rhan 3 Omm were drssecred and lherr embryos cullured All the ovules were culturedon MS medra with or wrlhoul agar and with diilerenl concenlrrtrons of various hormones Dependrng on the hormones used and therr concenlratrons, drilerenr responses were observed Surface callus formatron, greenmg, swellrng. and browntng were common rn cullured ovules Embryos emerged from some of the ovules end planllers have been oblarned Cultured embryos showed srmrler responses, and some cultured embryos germinated, and developed rnlo planllsl

Overcoming Incompatibility In Wide Crosses

Wild species of crop plants attract much attention as a valuable gene pool. A few successes in improving crop plants have resulted from crossing wild taxa with cultivated ones. Several other taxa are not crossable with their cultivated relatives and are therefore unavailable for sexual gene transfers. Methods for breaking these barriers to interspecific hybridization and hybrid production have been develope