Breaking the Double Impasse: Securing and Supporting Diverse Housing Tenures in the United States

What might be described as a double impasse characterizes debate on U.S. housing tenure with advocates fighting for rental or ownership housing on one side and Third Way or mixed-tenure solutions on the other. Breaking this impasse requires disengaging from conceptions of an idealized form of tenure and instead advocating making virtually all tenures as secure and supported as possible, so that diverse households are able to live in homes that best fit their changing needs over their life cycles. This essay (a) presents data on the variety of tenures in the United States; (b) conveys a new two-dimensional map of tenure according to their degrees of control and potential for wealth-building; and (c) shows how U.S. institutions shape their risks and subsidies. Most U.S. tenures are at least somewhat risky, including those that receive the greatest federal subsidies. A new housing system is needed to secure and support as many tenures as possible

State Mandates, Housing Elements, and Low-income Housing Production

In order to create low-income housing opportunities and mitigate exclusionary zoning, in 1968 Congress mandated that municipalities receiving comprehensive planning funds must create a housing element. In tandem, many states mandated that municipal housing elements must accommodate low-income housing needs. After examining empirical research for California, Florida, Illinois, and Minnesota, this review found aspirational success because those states rewarded the municipal planning process. In order to increase low-income housing, this review argues for state housing policy reform. Under US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s revised fair housing rule, which requires an assessment of local data, states can no longer ignore the exclusionary behavior of municipalities

A fuzzy logic evaluation system for commercial loan analysis

This paper introduces an application of fuzzy logic to commercial loan analysis. It describes the fuzzy sets and linguistic variables that contribute to the financial evaluation. It also presents a computer-based Fuzzy Logic Evaluation System consisting of the components Specify Fuzzy Sets, Edit Rules, and Evaluator. The Evaluator performs fuzzification, evaluation, and defuzzification activities. Using company-specific and industry financial data, the current version of the system appraises a company's credit, capital, and capacity performance. A specific example for efficiency analysis illustrates the system constructs.commercial loan analysis fuzzy logic fuzzy set

Status report - Public Health 2016: time for a cultural shift in the field of public health

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