Effect of crude protein levels and organic selenium supplementation in the diets fed during the breeding season on reproductive parameters of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens)

There is little information on the nutrition of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) reared in captivity, and their nutritional requirements still need to be determined. This study aimed at determining dietary crude protein requirements and testing four organic selenium supplementation levels in the diet of red-winged tinamous during the breeding season. Birds were housed in a conventional broiler house divided in 16 boxes with one male and three females each. Iso-energy (2800kcal ME/kg) pelleted feeds, based on corn and soybean meal, were supplied in tube feeders. In the first experiment, treatments consisted of four different diets containing different crude protein (CP) contents (15, 18, 21, or 24%) and in the second experiment, the four diets contained equal protein level (22.5%) and four different organic selenium levels (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8ppm). Data were analyzed by the least square method. The best egg weight and eggshell thickness were obtained with 22.5% dietary CP. Organic selenium did not influence the studied reproductive traits of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) males or female

Production and nutritive value of the available forage of pigeon pea cultivars during dry season

O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Boa Esperança, município de Jeriquara. região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de estudar a produção e a qualidade de sete cultivares de guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, estudando-se as seguintes cultivares: Empasc 307, Fava Larga, Branco de Minas, ICPL 304, ICPL 85063, ICPL 270 e LGR 30, sendo as quatro últimas de origem indiana. As cultivares foram submetidas a três colheitas, durante o período de maio a outubro de 1992, realizadas a cada doze semanas, quando se colhiam folhas, flores, vagens e ramos com diâmetro igual ou inferior a 6 mm, sendo o conjunto dessas frações denominado de forragem aproveitável. Os resultados mostraram que, com exceção da cultivar Empasc 307, as demais sempre revelaram maior percentual de folhas e, conseqüentemente, maior produção de matéria seca dessa fração, em relação à forragem aproveitável total. Em virtude da produção, bem como da composição de proteína bruta, da fibra em detergente ácido e da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, as cultivares LGR 30, ICPL 304, Branco de Minas e ICPL 270 foram consideradas as mais promissoras na formação de bancos de proteína, para utilização durante o período seco.This work was carried out at Boa Esperança Farm, sited in Jeriquara. Northeast of São Paulo State aiming to study seven cultivars of Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp). Ramdomized blocks design were used in a split-plot scheme studying the following cultivars: Empasc 307, Fava Larga, Branco de Minas, ICPL 304, ICPL 85063, ICPL 270 and LGR 30, being the last four of them of Indian origin. Cultivars were cut three times during the period May-October, 1992. These cuts were done every twelve weeks when leaves, flowers, pods and branches were harvested with diameter equal or smaller than 6 mm; the set of these fractions was considered available forage. Results showed that the cultivars, except Empasc 307, always revealed higher percentage of leaves and, consequently, higher dry matter production of this fraction in relation to total available forage. The available forage production, as well as the crude protein and acid detergent fiber percentage and in vitro dry matter digestibility allow to recominend the LGR 30, ICPL 304, Branco de Minas and ICPL 270 cultivars as the most promising ones for utilization as protein banks to be used during dry season

Modo de aplicação e eficiência de inseticidas granulados sistêmicos para o controle de cigarras (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) do cafeeiro

Avaliou-se a eficiência de métodos de aplicação de inseticidas granulados sistêmicos para o controle das cigarras Quesada gigas (Olivier) e Dorisiana drewseni (Stål) do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica). O ensaio foi conduzido em cafezal cv. Mundo Novo com idade de seis anos, espaçamento de 3,5 X 1,5 m, com uma planta/cova, no ano agrícola 1992/1993. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 21 tratamentos e 4 repetições, cada uma contendo parcelas de cinco plantas. Os tratamentos consistiram nas aplicações dos produtos triadimenol + disulfoton 1,5% + 7,5% (26 g/cova), aldicarb 150G (10,00 g/cova), ethoprophos 100G (30,00 g/cova), phorate 5G (80,00 g/cova) e terbufos 5G (40,00 g/cova) em quatro modalidades de aplicação: aplicador costal manual Mebuki TF8; canequinha, lançando o produto para o ápice da planta; aplicador tratorizado Kamaq CK2-AG; e sulcos em meia lua, abertos manualmente, na projeção da copa. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 70, 105 e 140 dias após aplicação dos produtos, onde foram efetuadas aberturas de trincheiras de 50 X 50 X 50cm por cova, procedendo-se a contagem do número de ninfas vivas. Concluiu-se que o aplicador costal manual e canequinha revelaram-se os mais eficientes (86,0 - 93,5% e 76,8 - 86,7%, respectivamente); aplicação tratorizada e sulcos na projeção de copa tiveram sua eficiência variável com o produto utilizado; terbufos apresentou maior redução da população (98,2 - 100%) e phorate (79,6 - 99,1%) e a mistura triadimenol + disulfoton (82,3 - 97,3%) apresentaram alta eficiência, não diferindo do terbufos. Aldicarb apresentou desempenho satisfatório (68,1 - 85,0%) conforme o modo de aplicação e ethoprophos não foi eficaz quando aplicado com o aplicador costal manual (58,4%), canequinha (45,1%) e sulco (31,9%).The influence of application methods on the efficacy of granular systemic insecticides used in the control of Quesada gigas (Olivier) and Dorisiana drewseni (Stål) attacking coffee (Coffea arabica) trees was studied. The trial was set up in a 6 years-old coffee cv. Mundo Novo plantation, planted in 3.5 X 1.5 m spacing, during 1992/1993. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with 21 treatments replicated 4 times, each with 5 plants/ plot. The insecticides triadimenol + disulfoton 1.5% + 7.5% (26 g/tree), aldicarb 150G (10.0 g /tree), ethoprophos 100G (30.0 g/tree), phorate 5G ( 80.0 g/tree) and terbufos 5G (40.0 g/tree) were applied using four methods: manually operated knapsack applicator Mebuki TF8; throwing manually a mugfull of granules on the top of the canopy; tractor powered granule applicator, Kamaq CK2-AG, applying in furrow under the canopy; and in furrow manual application of granules. Assessment of control was carried out counting live nymphs at 70, 105 and 140 days after application, in a pit measuring 50 X 50 X 50 cm made underneath the plant canopy. The application method using the knapsack applicator and the mug showed to be the most effective (86.0 - 93.5% and 76.8 - 86.7%, respectively); application by tractor and in furrow under canopy afforded variable efficiency according to the chemical used; the performance of terbufos was the highest in reducing (98.2 - 100%) the cicadas population. Phorate (79.6 - 99.1%) and the mixture triadimenol + disulfoton (82.3 - 97.3%) were also effective, similar to terbufos; aldicarb gave a satisfactory control (68.1 - 85.0%) according to the application method and ethoprophos, did not control well the cicadas when applied with knapsack (58.4%), manually (45.1%) and in furrow (31.5%)

Crescimento inicial da parte aérea e do sistema radicular de três cultivares de alfafa Initial growth of shoot and root of three alfalfa cultivars

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o intuito de se avaliar o sistema radicular em diferentes profundidades e o crescimento da parte aérea de três cultivares de alfafa (Medicago sativa L.), cultivadas em tubos preenchidos com areia, em casa-de-vegetação. Na semeadura, utilizaram-se sementes inoculadas com rizóbio específico. Os tubos foram irrigados com água e/ou solução de Hoagland 50% (uma vez por semana). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três cultivares e cinco repetições para as variáveis referentes à parte aérea, e em parcelas subdivididas para as variáveis relativas ao sistema radicular. As plantas foram avaliadas aos 70 e 124 dias após a semeadura (DAS). Constataram-se diferenças significativas na altura das plantas das cultivares Crioula e Xai-32, aos 70 DAS, e entre a Crioula e 5454, aos 124 DAS. Houve diferença significativa entre as cultivares Xai-32 e 5454 aos 70 DAS, para as variáveis número de folhas e de ramos. Constatou-se diferença significativa entre as médias de densidade de comprimento radicular da primeira camada e as camadas inferiores, nas duas avaliações. As três cultivares de alfafa não diferiram entre si quanto ao número total de nódulos e à razão parte aérea / raiz.<br>The main objective of this research was to evaluate the root system in different depths and the canopy growth of three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars grown in tubes filled with sand, under greenhouse conditions. The sowing was performed using inoculated seeds. All tubes were irrigated with water and or Hoagland solution - 50%, once a week. A completely randomized design was used with three cultivars and five replications for canopy evaluation, and a split-plot (depths) for the root system evaluation. The plants were evaluated 70 and 124 days after sowing (DAS). Significant differences were observed for plant height of Crioula and Xai-32 cultivars at 70 DAS and between cultivar Crioula and 5454 at 124 DAS. Leaf and branch number of cultivars Xai-32 and 5454 were different at 70 DAS. Root length density in the first soil layer differed from those of the lower depths in both evaluations. There was no significant difference among the three cultivars in total number of nodules and in the shoot/root ratio

Blood parameters of chicks from eggs injected with ascorbic acid and subjected to thermal stress

This study was aimed to verify if chicks from eggs injected with ascorbic acid and subjected to thermal stress would have higher immunity than chicks from incubation at thermoneutrality without injection of ascorbic acid. The parameters evaluated were temperature on oxygen saturation in hemoglobin, glucose, number of erythrocytes, hematocrit rate and number of hemoglobins of newly hatched male chicks, hatched from eggs injected with ascorbic acid (AA) and subjected to thermal stress during incubation. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 5 (application levels of ascorbic acid) x 2 (incubation temperatures). The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the General Linear Model procedure (GLM) of SAS ®. For the parameters (number of erythrocytes, rate of hematrocit and values of hemoglobin), there was significant interaction (p <0.05) between treatments in egg and incubation temperatures. Analyzing the interactions for these parameters, it was observed that the application of 0% ascorbic acid in egg minimized the effect of heat stress when compared with treatment without injection. The application of ascorbic acid levels in eggs incubated under heat stress failed to maximize the immunity of newly hatched chicks. It is assumed that the increased liquid in the amniotic fluid, in those embryos injected with water, favored the lower heat conductance for these embryos, thus helping in their development in relation to immunity. Considering that hemoglobin is related to the transport of gases, these data suggest that increasing the concentration of AA solution inoculated may influence the respiratory rates of eggs

Peritoneal fluid changes in horses subjected to small colon distension

A desvitalização do cólon menor em equinos pode ser difícil de ser detectada baseando-se apenas em sinais clínicos. O objetivo foi realizar uma avaliação seriada do líquido peritoneal de equinos submetidos à distensão do cólon menor. Dezessete cavalos adultos foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos. No grupo distendido (DG, n=7) um balão implantado cirurgicamente foi inflado para promover distensão do cólon menor. No grupo instrumentado (SG, n=5) o balão foi implantado, mas sem promover distensão e no grupo controle (CG, n=5) não houve anestesia ou cirurgia. Sangue e fluido peritoneal foram colhidos antes e durante 180 minutos após a cirurgia para análises citológicas e bioquímicas. Nenhuma interação significativa ocorreu entre grupos e tempos nas variáveis clínicas e hematológicas. Apesar dos valores de proteínas totais e da atividade da lactato desidrogenase (LDH) permanecerem dentro da normalidade durante quase todo o experimento, aumentos em relação aos valores basais ocorreram nos grupos SG e DG. Contudo, tais aumentos foram precoces, progressivos e em maior magnitude em DG quando comparados ao SG, mostrando que a distensão promoveu alterações significativas nessas variáveis (P<0.05). Aumentos em relação aos valores basais também ocorreram nas contagens de células totais nucleadas e neutrófilos (P<0.05). em conclusão, a distensão experimental do cólon menor promove, nas primeiras horas, alterações subliminares progressivas nas concentrações de proteínas totais e na atividade de LDH no líquido peritoneal. Os resultados indicam que a avaliação seriada do liquido peritoneal pode ser útil para detectar desvitalização intestinal em casos clínicos de obstrução do cólon menor equino.Intestinal devitalization in cases of small colon obstruction may be difficult to detect based only in clinical signs. The purpose was to serially evaluate blood and peritoneal fluid of horses subjected to small colon distension. Seventeen adult horses were allotted in three groups. In the small colon-distended group (DG, n=7) a surgically-implanted latex balloon was inflated to promote intraluminal small colon distension. In the shamoperated group (SG, n=5), the balloon was implanted but not inflated, and no surgery was done in the control group (CG, n=5). Blood and peritoneal fluid were sampled before and after (6 samples with a 30-minute interval) intestinal obstruction for cytological and biochemical analyses. No significant changes in clinical signs occurred within groups or across time during the experimental period. There were no statistical differences among SG and SG groups in hematologic and blood chemistry variables. Although total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in peritoneal fluid remained most of the time within reference values during the experimental period in all groups, increases from baseline values were detected in SG and DG groups. Such increases occurred earlier, progressively and with greater magnitude in the DG when compared with the SG (P<0.05). Increases from baselines values were also observed in total nucleated cells and neutrophils counts in the DG (P<0.05). In conclusion, distension of the equine small colon induced progressive subtle increases in total protein and LDH concentrations in the peritoneal fluid during the first hours. Serial evaluation of these variables in peritoneal fluid may be useful for early detection of intestinal devitalization in clinical cases of equine small colon obstruction.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP