Intraocular Lens Power Calculation after Corneal Refractive Surgery

Purpose: To report refractive outcomes following phacoemulsification (PE) and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) implantation in eyes with previous corneal refractive surgery. Methods: In this retrospective comparative study, 18 consecutive eyes of 14 patients with previous keratorefractive surgery for myopia including photorefractive keratectomy (PRK, 6 eyes; 33.3%) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK, 12 eyes; 66.7%) underwent PE+PCIOL. Computerized corneal topography was employed to determine the flattest keratometric reading within the 3-mm central zone. This value was inserted into the Sanders-Retzlaff-Kraff/T (SRK/T) formula to calculate IOL power. IOL power selected for implantation was 1 D greater than the calculated value described above. Results: Mean age and follow-up period were 54.1±11.5 years and 29.9±26.3 months, respectively. Mean implanted lens power was 18.56±3.86 D which was not significantly different from mean back-calculated IOL power for target refraction (19.04±4.16 D) (P=0.28). There was no significant difference between mean target refraction (-0.94±0.52 D) and achieved postoperative spherical equivalent refractive error (-0.62±1.06) at final follow-up (P=0.28). The achieved spherical equivalent refractive error was within ±0.50 D of intended refraction in 8 (44.4%) eyes, within ±1.0 D in 11 (61.1%) eyes, and within ±2.0 D in 16 (88.9%) eyes. In a subgroup of patients (5 eyes) with complete pre-refractive surgery data, the difference between post-refractive surgery keratometry method and all other methods (P=0.02) and between the current method and the Feiz-Mannis method (P=0.01) was statistically significant. Conclusion: The method suggested herein is simple and independent of pre-refractive surgery data with results comparable to other commonly used methods

Association between physical activity and severity of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its related complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) are among considerably growing global concerns. Many efforts have been done toward a better understanding of the modifiable risk factors of DR, to stop progression as well as prevention of this complication. Physical activity (PA) is a known modifiable risk factor of DM but its effect on the severity of DR is not clearly understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between PA and severity of DR. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was done comprising 232 patients with DM (type 1 or 2), 58 of whom were in control group with no sign of DR, while the others were divided into three subgroups each contained 58 individuals, according to the severity of DR. PA of patients was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short-version and total scores of PA were compared among different groups. Result:  Total PA scores in (metabolic equivalent [MET]-hour/week) in control group, in patients with mild to moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), severe to very severe NPDR, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy were 24.6 ±28.3, 23.7 ±30.6, 17.1 ± 27.0, and 7.1 ±10.2, respectively. The lower the score of PA, the higher the stage of DR (r=-0.284, p<0.001). Low PA levels came with higher stages of DR (odds ratio [OR]=2.7, P=0.023) than moderate PA (OR=2.1, P=0.114). When adjusted for age, sex, duration of DM, and type of medication regimen, the association of DR severity with PA level was still statistically significant in mild PA group (P=0.049) and statistically insignificant in moderate PA group (P=0.132). Adjusting for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI) showed no significant correlation between PA level and DR severity (OR=1.1 and P=0.794 in low PA group, OR=1.2 and P=0.670 in moderate PA group). Conclusion: Low PA level can be identified as a risk factor for DR, but not a completely independent one. It is more likely that PA lowers the risk of DR progression through lowering BMI and achieving better glycemic control (HbA1c)