Epizootiološka situacija afričke kuge svinja u Evropi

African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. Due to the very serious socioeconomic consequences, the disease is one of the most important ones nowadays. African swine fever is an enzootic disease in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, in Sardinia, and Trans Caucasus countries. After its occurrence in Georgia in 2007, ASF spread to Armenia and Russian Federation, and in 2008. to Azerbaijan. Since then, its progressive moving toward the west has been recorded. Despite the number of undertaken preventive and control measures in the European Union (EU), ASF has been still spreading. During 2017, the disease has been reported in domestic pigs in Estonia, Italy-Sardinia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Ukraine. ASF cases in domestic pigs have also been reported in Moldova in 2017. The number of diagnosed cases in wild boar in 2017 is much higher than in domestic pigs. ASF outbreak in wild boar in the Czech Republic well describes the possible viral 'jump' into a new region. The source of infection hasn't been confirmed yet, but it is common that such leaps are due to either swill feeding or improperly disposal of food rather than to the animal movements. Since the lack of effective vaccine makes eradication even more difficult, the prevention of viral entry into the new areas is of the most importance. With the same aim, since 2011.the surveillance of ASF has been implemented in Serbia.Afrička kuga svinja (AKS) je virusna bolest domaćih i divljih svinja. Socioekonomske posledice ove bolesti svrstavaju je u najznačajnije bolesti današnjice. Afrička kuga svinja je enzootska bolest u mnogim zemljama južno od Sahare, na Sardiniji i Kavkazu. Pošto se pojavila 2007. godine u Gruziji, AKS se iste godine proširila na Jermeniju i Rusiju, a 2008. na Azerbejdžan. Od tada se beleži progresivno kretanje virusa ka zapadu. Uprkos svim preventivnim i kontrolnim merama koje se sprovode u Evropskoj uniji (EU), afrička kuga svinja se i dalje širi. Tokom 2017. godine kod domaćih svinja je dokazana u Estoniji, Italiji - Sardinija, Letoniji, Litvaniji, Poljskoj, Rumuniji i Ukrajini. Slučajevi AKS kod domaćih svinja u Moldaviji su takođe registrovani i u 2017. godini. Broj dijagnostikovanih slučajeva kod divljih svinja u 2017. je značajno veći u odnosu na broj slučajeva kod domaćih. Pojava AKS u Češkoj 2017. godine kod divljih svinja predstavlja veliki "skok" virusa u novo područje. Izvor infekcije još uvek nije potvrđen, ali je uobičajeno da se ovakve pojave dešavaju kao posledica hranjenja životinja ostacima hrane, a ne zbog kretanja životinja. Budući da je iskorenjivanje AKS veoma otežano u odsustvu efikasne vakcine, prevencija unosa virusa u nova područja je od najvećeg značaja. Sa tim ciljem, u Srbiji se od 2011. godine sprovodi nadzor kod divljih svinja na afričku kugu

Detekcija i genotipizacija izolata virusa klasične kuge svinja u Srbiji

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease of pigs leading to significant economic losses worldwide. Classical swine fever virus can be classified into three genogroups, each consisting of three or four subgroups. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the genotypes of CSFV isolates in Republic of Serbia. This study, based on the sequences analysis of partial E2 gene and 5' non coding region (NCR) of 15 CSFV isolated during 2006-2008 from domestic pigs, revealed that all were clustered into genetic group 2.3. Additionally, we showed that the two most often used real time RT-PCR assays were able to detect all local CSF viruses circulated in Serbia in the last years during intensive vaccination campaign against CSF.Klasična kuga svinja (CSF) je visoko kontagiozno oboljenje svinja koje dovodi do značajnih ekonomskih gubitaka širom sveta. Na osnovu genetske strukture, virus klasicne kuge svinja podeljen je utri genogrupe, od kojih svaka ima tri ili četiri podgrupe. Nedostaju podaci o tome koji genotipovi virusa klasične kuge svinja na teritoriji Republike Srbije cirkulišu u prijemčivoj populaciji. Sekvencioniranjem dela E2 gena i 5’nekodirajućeg regiona (NCR) 15 izolata virusa klasične kuge svinja prikupljenih u periodu od 2006-2008 godine, poreklom od domaćih svinja, dokazano je da svi pripadaju genetskoj grupi 2.3. Uz to, dokazano je i da je upotrebom dva najčešće korišćena real time RT-PCR protokola moguće detektovati sve lokalne izolate virusa klasične kuge svinja koji cirkulišu u Srbiji poslednjih godina, u kojoj se uporedo vršila i intenzivna vakcinacija protiv ove bolesti

Detection and genotyping of classical swine fever virus isolates in Serbia

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease of pigs leading to significant economic losses worldwide. Classical swine fever virus can be classified into three genogroups, each consisting of three or four subgroups. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the genotypes of CSFV isolates in Republic of Serbia. This study, based on the sequences analysis of partial E2 gene and 5' non coding region (NCR) of 15 CSFV isolated during 2006-2008 from domestic pigs, revealed that all were clustered into genetic group 2.3. Additionally, we showed that the two most often used real time RT-PCR assays were able to detect all local CSF viruses circulated in Serbia in the last years during intensive vaccination campaign against CSF. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31075 and TR 31088

Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus in sheep in Belgrade epizootic area

Schmallenberg disease is an infectious disease of cattle, sheep, and goats of viral aetiology caused by the Schmallenberg virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Ortobunyavirus. Schmallenberg disease is a vector-borne disease transmitted by midges from the genus Culicoides but also by other hematophagous insects. The disease has a seasonal character and most often occurs in the warm months, from late spring to autumn. In this study, we investigated the seroprevalence of Schmallenberg disease in sheep in the epizootic area of Belgrade in the period from 2017 to 2022. A total of 600 sheep serums from the serum bank were tested, 100 serum samples from each year. Sera were tested by commercial ELISA test for the detection of specifi c antibodies against the Schmallenberg virus. The results showed an average annual seroprevalence of 24.5% in sheep in the Belgrade area in these six years with an increasing trend predicted for the next years

Herpesvirusne bolesti ciprinida

Cyprinidae, the largest known fish family including carp and minnows, has worldwide distribution with many species that are economically important in aquaculture. As would be expected, many viral pathogens can affect this group. The most pathogenic of these are the rhabdoviruses, a reovirus and three herpesviruses. Cyprinid herpesviruses can cause significant economic losses in aquaculture, and some of these viruses are oncogenic. The three herpesviruses are closely related but cause distinctly different diseases. Fish pox, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1), is one of the oldest known fish diseases, being recorded as early as 1563. It takes the form of a hyperplastic, epidermal papilloma on common carp. Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is causative agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN). The herpesvirus was first isolated from cultured goldfish in Japan. It causes a severe epizootic but no external clinical signs were apparent on affected fish. One of the most economically important and researched viral diseases of carp is koi herpesviral disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). The aim of this paper is to present the current knowledge on herpesvirus diseases of the cyprinids.Ciprinide, najveća poznata familija riba, koja obuhvata šaranske vrste riba, je rasprostranjena širom sveta, sa mnogim vrstama koje imaju veliki ekonomski značaj u akvakulturi. Kao što bi se moglo očekivati, mnogi virusi mogu delovati na ovu grupu, među kojima su od najvećeg značaja pripadnici familija rabdovirusa, reovirusa i herpesvirusa. Herpesvirusi ciprinida mogu izazvati značajne ekonomske gubitke u akvakulturi, a neki od njih virusa su onkogeni. Iako su veoma srodni herpesvirusi ciprinida izazivaju različite bolesti sa veoma različitim karakteristikama. Boginje riba, koje izaziva herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1), je jedno od najstarijih poznatih bolesti riba, utvrđeno još 1563. godine. Ovo oboljenje se po pravilu ispoljava u vidu hiperplastičnih papilomatoznih promena epiderma šarana. Herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) je uzročnik herpesvirusne hematopoezne nekroze (HVHN). Ovaj virus je prvi put izolovan iz zlatnih ribica u Japanu. Kao posledica delovanja uzročnika dolazi do pojave značajnih epizootija bez izraženih kliničkih znakova kod obolelih riba. Jedno od ekonomski najznačajnijih virusnih oboljenja šarana je koi herpesviroza izazvana ciprinim herpesvirusom 3 (CyHV-3). Cilj ovog rada je da se predstave aktuelna saznanja o oboljenjima ciprinida izazvanih herpesvirusima

Bolest plavog jezika - epizootiološka situacija u Srbiji u 2015. godini, dijagnostika i diferencijalna dijagnostika

Bluetongue disease is non-contagious, vector borne, viral disease mainly of sheep but also of other domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) belongs to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus and is characterized by segmented double-stranded RNA. Virus is transmitted from one to another susceptible animal by hematophagous insects of the genus Culicoides. According to official data, between 2002 and 2014, Serbia has belonged to BTV free countries. After that, the first outbreak occurred in August 2014. The last case was reported in December of the same year. During 2015, 74 samples were examined for exclusion of bluetongue disease: 8 in cattle, 65 in sheep and one in goat. In order to detect viral genome, 73 blood samples and one tissue sample were examined by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). None of tested samples was confirmed to be BTV positive. Following the Instruction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection - Veterinary Directorate, monitoring program for Bluetongue disease in Serbia started from October 2015. The program consists of insect identification and detection of viral genome in Culicoides spp. by RT-PCR assay. Of the 80 samples that were received during the program realization in 2015, only four, which were collected during late autumn, have contained insects of Culicoides spp. In none of them, BTV was detected. For differential diagnosis, 65 ovine blood samples were examined for the presence of viruses of contagious ecthyma, sheep and goat pox as well as eight bovine blood samples were tested for viruses of bovine viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / pustular vulvovaginitis and malignant catarrhal fever. The samples were analyzed using molecular methods (PCR and RT-PCR). Only two bovine blood samples gave positive reaction for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus.Bolest plavog jezika je nekontagiozno, vektorski uslovljeno virusno oboljenje koje se javlja uglavnom kod ovaca, ali i kod ostalih domaćih i divljih preživara. Virus plavog jezika (Bluetongue Virus - BTV) pripada familiji Reoviridae, rod Orbivirus a karakteriše ga segmentirana dvolančana RNK. Virus među prijemčivim životinjskim vrstama prenosi hematofagni insekt iz roda Culicoides. Prema zvaničnim podacima, Srbija se u periodu između 2002. i 2014.godine smatrala zemljom slobodnom of BTV. Nakon toga, bolest se pojavila prvi put u avgustu 2014. Poslednji slučaj prijavljen je u decembru iste godine. Tokom 2015. Godine ispitana su 74 uzorka sa ciljem isključivanja bolesti plavog jezika, i to 8 uzoraka poreklom od goveda, 65 od ovaca i jedan od koza. U cilju detekcije virusnog genoma 73 uzorka krvi i jedan uzorak tkiva su ispitani metodom reverzibilne lančane reakcije polimeraze (RT-PCR). Ni jedan od testiranih uzoraka nije bio pozitivan na BTV. U skladu sa Instrukcijom Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i zaštite životne sredine - Uprave za veterinu, u oktobru 2015. godine započet je program monitoringa bolesti plavog jezika u Srbiji. Program podrazumeva identifikaciju insekata i detektovanje genoma virusa kod Culicoides spp. primenom metode RT-PCR. Od ukupno 80 uzoraka koji su primljeni na ispitivanje tokom realizacije programa u 2015. godini, samo četiri uzorka koji su prikupljeni tokom kasne jeseni sadržali su insekte iz roda Culicoides spp. Ni u jednom od uzoraka nije detektovan BTV. U svrhu diferencijalne dijagnostike 65 uzoraka ovčije krvi ispitano je na prisustvo virusa kontagioznog ektima, boginja koza i ovaca, a osam uzoraka krvi goveda testirano je na viruse goveđe virusne dijareje, infektivnog goveđeg rihotraheitisa / pustularnog vulvovaginitisa i maligne kataralne groznice. Uzorci su analizirani primenom molekularnih metoda (PCR i RT-PCR). Kod samo dva uzorka krvi goveda ustanovljena je pozitivna reakcija na prisustvo virusa goveđe virusne dijareje

Nоvе i prеtеćе virusnе bоlеsti ciprinidа

The intensive aquaculture remains the world's fastest growing sector producing food of animal origin. In fact, it is the only animal food-producing sector growing faster than the human population, and provides an acceptable supplement to and substitute for wild fish. A number of cyprinid diseases have emerged globally and their study has become increasingly important. The expansion of aquaculture, which has relied heavily on the movement of animals and farming species new to aquaculture, has been paralleled with disease emergence. In the last few years several emerging or re-emerging fish diseases have been detected in cyprinid fish populations in Serbia. In this paper, the authors overview the major viral threats for cyprinid fishes in Serbia.Nа svеtskоm nivоu, intеnzivnа аkvаkulturа је nајbržе rаstući sеktоr zа prоizvоdnju hrаnе živоtinjskоg pоrеklа. Štа višе, tо је јеdini sеktоr kојi rаstе bržе оd lјudskе pоpulаciје i оbеzbеđuје znаčајnu dоpunu i zаmеnu izlоvlјаvаnju ribа iz оtvоrеnih vоdа. Nа žаlоst оvај trеnd је prаćеn pојаvоm brојnih bоlеsti ciprinidа nа glоbаlnоm nivоu. Еkspаnziја аkvаkulturе, kоја sе u vеlikој mеri оslаnjа nа trgоvinu i prоmеt ribа, uklјučuјući i vrstе kоје rаniје nisu kоrišćеnjе u аkvаkulturi је dоvеlа i dо istоvrеmеnоg širеnjа pаtоgеnа. U pоslеdnjih nеkоlikо gоdinа u pоpulаciјi ciprinidnih ribа u Srbiјi оtkrivеnо је nеkоlikо nоvih bоlеsti, а uоčеnа је i pоnоvnа pојаvа rаniје prisutnih bоlеsti. U оvоm rаdu аutоri prеzеntuјu nајznаčајniје nоvе i prеtеćе bоlеsti ciprinidа u Srbiјi

Fowl Adenovirus Infection-Potential Cause of a Suppressed Humoral Immune Response of Broilers to Newcastle Disease Vaccination

Fowl adenovirus infections have a significant economic impact, especially in the production of broilers. It is considered the leading cause of three syndromes: Adenoviral gizzard erosions and ulcerations, inclusion body hepatitis, and hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome. A critical feature of this virus is its immunosuppressive effect, via suppressing humoral and cellular immunity. In this study, we examined the humoral immune response after administration of the Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler flocks with previously confirmed seroconversion against Fowl adenovirus. The study was conducted on 5 farms. A total of 220 chickens, five weeks of age, showing no clinical signs of the disease, were included in this study. The control group consisted of 20 chickens from a negative farm. Chickens were vaccinated with commercially available live NDV vaccines between 11 and 13 days of life. ELISA determined the presence of specific antibodies against FAdV in a total of 130/200 (65%) blood sera. Depending on the farm, seroprevalence ranged from 30-100%. The presence of specific antibodies against NDV was determined three weeks after vaccination using the hemagglutination inhibition assay. A positive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer (≥ 16) was found in 41/200 (20.5%) sera, which was significantly less compared to the control farm, where a positive HI titer was found in 20/20 (100%) sera. The results of our study indicate the immunosuppressive effect of FAdV in subclinically infected birds and highlight the need for its diagnosis, prevention, and contro

Procena neželjenih reakcija nakon vakcinacije u veterini

Vaccines are a very effective tool for the prevention and eradication of infective diseases in both veterinary and human medicine. Although for safety reasons, vaccines undergo very strict controls before being placed on the market, the risk of adverse reactions is not eliminated. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is any untoward medical occurrence that follows immunization and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the usage of the vaccine. Adverse reactions may arise as a direct consequence of immunization due to the specificity of the vaccine itself, the quality of the vaccine or the immunization errors. In addition, adverse reactions may also be the result of a coincidental relationship between the effect and immunization. However, biological mechanisms of AEFI are very complex. During the mass vaccination campaigns, when a large number of animals are vaccinated in a short period of time, adverse reactions are expected to be the most frequently reported. In Serbia, livestock is currently being vaccinated against Lumpy Skin Disease, Bluetongue, and Classical swine fever.Vakcine su veoma efikasan alat za prevenciju i iskorenjivanje infektivnih bolesti u veterinarskoj i humanoj medicini. Iako iz sigurnosnih razloga vakcine prolaze kroz vrlo stroge kontrole pre stavljanja u promet, rizik od neželjenih reakcija nije eliminisan. Prema Svetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (SZO), neželjeni događaj nakon imunizacije je svaka neugodna medicinska pojava koja prati imunizaciju i koja ne mora nužno imati uzročnu vezu sa upotrebom vakcine. Neželjene reakcije mogu nastati kao direktna posledica imunizacije usled specifičnosti same vakcine, kvaliteta vakcine ili grešaka prilikom imunizacije. Pored toga, neželjene reakcije mogu biti i posledica slučajnog odnosa između nastalog efekta i imunizacije. Međutim, biološki mehanizmi nastanka ovih reakcija su veoma složeni. Tokom kampanja mas-ovnih vakcinacija, kada se veliki broj životinja vakciniše u kratkom vremen-skom periodu, očekuje se da se neželjene reakcije najčešće prijavljuju. U Srbiji se stoka trenutno vakciniše protiv bolesti kvrgave kože, bolesti plavog jezika i klasične svinjske kuge. Pošto nijedna od ove tri vakcine nije DIVA, praćenje neželjenih događaja koji se mogu pojaviti je od izuzetnog značaja

Bolesti jesetre u akvakulturi

Sturgeon aquaculture is economically important in many countries, for both meat and caviar production. Sturgeon is the common name for 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae. Among them, only the sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser ba-erii) completes the lifecycle in fresh water. In Serbia, in the last few years, aquaculture enterprises have shown more interest in farming these fish species. Also, the importance of sturgeon aquaculture grows due to the rapid decrease of wild populations caused by overfishing, water pollution and destruction of habitat. The development of sturgeon aquaculture activities has been accompanied by the disease outbreaks, and possibility of the emergence and rapid dissemination of several infectious disease agents may represent serious problem in sturgeon aquaculture. Several viral, bacterial , fungal and parasitic diseases have been reported worldwide. Due to the limited knowledge about epizootiology and disease control methods, infectious diseases may represent a major challenge in sturgeon aquaculture. Moreover, none of the diseases reported in sturgeon are regulated in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) or European Union (EU) legislations. Due to the increasing interest in sturgeon aquaculture in Serbia present study is focused on the most important pathogens that may represent a threat to sturgeon aquaculture in Serbia.Akvakultura jesetre ima veliki ekonomski značaj u brojnim zemljama, kako za dobijanje mesa tako i za proizvodnju kavijara. Jesetra je uobičajeno ime za 27 vrsta riba koje pripadaju porodici Acipenseridae. Među njima, samo kečiga (Acipenser ruthenus) i sibirska jesetra (Acipenser baerii) pro-vode ceo životni ciklus u slatkoj vodi. Poslednjih godina, u Srbiji postoji veća zainteresovanost za uzgoj ovih vrsta riba. Značaj akvakulture jesetre raste zbog brzog opadanja njihovog broja u prirodi, izazvanog prekomernim izlivom, zagađenjem voda i uništavanjem staništa. Razvoj akvakulture jesetre je praćen pojavom bolesti, a mogućnost pojave i brzog širenja uzročnika zaraznih bolesti može predstavljati ozbiljan problem. Više virusnih, bakterijskih, gljivičnih i parazitskih bolesti je uočeno širom sveta. Zbog ograničenih podataka o epizootiologiji i metodama kontrole bolesti, zarazne bolesti mogu predstavljati veliki izazov u akvakulturi jesetri. Šta više, nijedna od bolesti utvrđenih kod jesetri nije regulisana od strane Svetske organizacije za zdravlje životinja (OIE) niti zakonodavstva Evropske unije (EU). Zbog sve većeg interesovanja za akvakulturu jesetre u Srbiji, u ovom radu je ukazano na najvažnije patogene koji mogu predstavljati pretnju za zapate jesetre u akvakulturi