Data of Behavioral sensitivity to heat and threshold temperature of TRPA1

The file includes three sheets:(1) Data_behav_exp_Tbody, body temperature that elicits the first attempt at escaping from heat for three Anolis species; (2)Data_bheav_exp_Tplate,hot plate temperature that elicits the first attempt at escaping from heat for three Anolis species; (3)Data_TRPA1_threshold, arrhenius break temperature (ABT) as an index of temperature threshold of TRPA1for three Anolis specie

Measurement of muscular mechanical withdrawal threshold with Randall-Selitto apparatus in mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schedule for testing effects of EMLA cream treatment on the withdrawal threshold. More than 12 h before these measurements, inflammation was induced by injecting carrageenan into the LGC muscle. VFT: von Frey hair test, RST: Randall-Sellito test. (<b>B</b>) Change in VFT threshold (tip diameter: 0.25 mm) by surface anesthesia. (i) Vehicle cream (n = 9) did not change the threshold. (ii) EMLA treatment (n = 10) significantly raised the threshold compared with before the treatment. Median and interquartile range (IQR) are shown. *** <i>p</i><0.001 for pre- and post-cream treatment comparison by Mann-Whitney test. Note that pre values are decreased ones after induction of inflammation (same in C). (<b>C</b>) Change after surface anesthesia by EMLA cream treatment in withdrawal threshold measured by RST with a self-made larger probe (tip diameter: 2.6 mm). Filled circles: EMLA treatment (n = 10), open square: vehicle cream treatment (n = 9). EMLA cream did not significantly change the threshold, the same as vehicle cream. Mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6–10 for each group). S.E.M.s are hardly seen because they are small.</p

Change in expression levels of COX-2 and GDNF mRNA after LC in TRPV1−/− and TRPV4−/− mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) COX-2 mRNA level in excised LGC muscle of WT mice after LC. (<b>B</b>) Up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA 3 h after LC in the muscle of three genotypes. (<b>C</b>) GDNF mRNA level in excised LGC muscle of WT mice. (<b>D</b>) Up-regulation of GDNF mRNA 3 h after LC in the muscle of three genotypes. (<b>E</b>) Effect of HC-067047 on the level of GDNF mRNA 3 h after LC. All values were normalized with β-actin mRNA. Median and interquartile range are shown. Number of animals used is shown in the parentheses under each column. * <i>p</i>≤0.05 compared with pre (in C) and with WT (in D); n.s., not different from WT in B and D, or from DMSO group in E, by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks test followed by the Dunn's test except in E. Mann-Whiteny U test was used in E.</p

NGF-β mRNA was up-regulated in all three genotypes.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Time course of NGF-β mRNA expression in LC-exercised LGC muscle in WT mice. (<b>B</b>) Up-regulation of NGF-β mRNA 3 h after LC in the muscle of three genotypes. Median and interquartile range (IQR). All values were normalized with β-actin mRNA. n = 3–8 for each group (shown in the parentheses under each column). * <i>p</i>≤0.05 compared with pre, and n.s. not different from WT (Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks test followed by the Dunn's test).</p

Muscular mechanical hyperalgesia induced by lengthening contraction in mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schema of lengthening contraction (LC) application to the lower hindleg flexors, mainly the lateral gastrocnemius (LGC) muscle. LC was induced by electrical stimulation through a pair of needle electrodes inserted near the tibial and sciatic nerves. The ankle joint was dorsi-flexed in synchrony with muscle contraction, and then returned to the starting position over a 3 s resting period. This cycle was repeated 300 times. (<b>B</b>) Change in withdrawal thresholds by RST in WT mice that received LC or sham (stretch only) exercise (n = 9 for each group, mean ± S.E.M.). Vertical axis: withdrawal threshold in mN, horizontal axis: time after exercise. There was a significant difference between the groups, and the threshold decreased 6 to 36 h after exercise in LC group, but not in sham group. ** <i>p</i><0.01, *** <i>p</i><0.001 compared with −1 day in LC group; # <i>p</i><0.05, ### <i>p</i><0.001 compared with sham group on each time point, two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni t-test.</p

Muscular mechanical hyperalgesia did not develop after LC in TRPV1−/− and TRPV4−/− mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Change in the withdrawal thresholds after LC measured by RST in TRPV1−/− (crosses) and TRPV4−/− (open squares) mice. Vertical axis: difference in the threshold from −1 d in mN, horizontal axis: time after LC. (<b>B</b>) Changes in the mechanical hyperalgesia by intramuscular injection of HC-067047, a TRPV4 selective antagonist (100 mg/kg; crosses) or DMSO (open squares) in WT mice. Mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6–10 for each group). ** <i>p</i><0.01, *** <i>p</i><0.001 compared with −1 d in WT,+<i>p</i><0.05 compared with −1 d in TRPV4−/−, ## <i>p</i><0.01, ### <i>p</i><0.001 compared with 14 h in HC-067047 group; two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni t-test.</p

Clay–Organic Hybrid Films Exhibiting Reversible Fluorescent Color Switching Induced by Swelling and Drying of a Clay Mineral

The interlayer space of clays is an interesting microenvironment to control the properties of included organic materials. In this study, chromic hybrid films consisting of synthetic saponite (SSA) and fluorescent organic molecules with planar π-conjugated systems were fabricated. The hybrid films exhibited reversible fluorescence color switching induced by swelling and drying, which caused the gallery height of SSA to change. Ultraviolet–visible absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements of the hybrid films strongly suggested that the organic molecules formed an excimer in the swollen interlayer space of SSA, while they were a monomer in the dried interlayer space. The different emission wavelengths of the excimer and monomer resulted in the fluorescence color switching of the hybrid films. The reversibility of the color switching was maintained for at least 50 cycles with no change of fluorescence maxima. These chromic hybrid films represent a novel approach to obtain color switching

Radiation Pressure Induced Hierarchical Structure of Liquid Crystalline Inorganic Nanosheets

Although hierarchical assemblies of colloidal particles add novel structure-based functions to systems, few local and on-demand colloidal structures have been developed. We have combined the colloidal liquid crystallinity of two-dimensional inorganic particles and laser radiation pressure to obtain a large hierarchical and local structure in a colloidal system. The scattering force of the laser beam converted the parallel nanosheet alignment to the direction of the incident laser beam. At the focal point, the nanosheet orientation depends on the electric field of the polarized laser beam. In contrast, a giant tree-ring-like nanosheet texture of more than 100 μm, and which is independent of the polarization direction, was organized at the periphery of the focal point. This organization resulted from a cooperative effect between the liquid-crystalline nanosheets, which indicates an effectiveness of optical manipulation to construct hierarchical colloidal structures with the aid of interparticle interactions

Radiation Pressure Induced Hierarchical Structure of Liquid Crystalline Inorganic Nanosheets

Although hierarchical assemblies of colloidal particles add novel structure-based functions to systems, few local and on-demand colloidal structures have been developed. We have combined the colloidal liquid crystallinity of two-dimensional inorganic particles and laser radiation pressure to obtain a large hierarchical and local structure in a colloidal system. The scattering force of the laser beam converted the parallel nanosheet alignment to the direction of the incident laser beam. At the focal point, the nanosheet orientation depends on the electric field of the polarized laser beam. In contrast, a giant tree-ring-like nanosheet texture of more than 100 μm, and which is independent of the polarization direction, was organized at the periphery of the focal point. This organization resulted from a cooperative effect between the liquid-crystalline nanosheets, which indicates an effectiveness of optical manipulation to construct hierarchical colloidal structures with the aid of interparticle interactions

Analysis of adipose tissue temperature in mice.

<p>Telemetric recording of spontaneous locomotor activity (A) and epididymal fat temperature (B) was performed in C57BL/6N (B6) and <i>ob/ob</i> (<i>ob</i>) mice at 10 weeks of age. C, Comparison of rectal and adipose tissue temperature in B6 and <i>ob</i> mice. In panels A and B, n = 2 per group. In panel C, n = 4 per group. Values are mean ± SEM. *P<0.05. #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, compared to B6 in each group.</p