Sequence Analysis of Human Trypanosome Detected in a 1-Year Old Boer-boel with a Case of Trypanosomosis in Abeokuta, Nigeria

African trypanosomosis is a devastating protozoan disease affecting man and animals. The species Trypanosoma brucei gambiemse and T.brucei rhodiense are specifically responsible for causing sleeping sickness in human in Africa. In this study, T. brucei gambiemse was molecularly detected in a dog presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria with signs of corneal opacity, mucopurulent ocular discharges, pale mucous membrane and recumbency. Haematological examination revealed PCV of 12%, decreased lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. Gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product revealed a band of 580bp corresponding to T. brucei. Sequencing of the PCR product revealed T. brucei gambiemse. We concluded that T. brucei gambiemse (a human infective trypanosome) is capable of causing clinical trypanosomosis in dogs. This report presents sequence analysis of human infective species of trypanosome molecularly detected in a 1-year old Boer boel breed of dog in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Keywords: Sequences, Trypanosoma brucei gambiemse, Boerboel, Nigeria

CAESAREAN SECTION: INTRA-OPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS AND ITS RESTITUTION

Objectives: To determine the rate of blood loss and its restitution during Caesarean section andmake recommendations to improve our practice.Design: Prospective study.Setting: Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria from 1stJanuary 2005 to December 2005.Subjects: All term Caesarean sections performed during the period.Results: Six hundred and forty one patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean maternal agewas 30.42 years ± 5.5 (Range 16-44 years). Fifty seven patients (8.9%) were transfused. Major bloodloss (>1000 ml) was reported in 7.6% of the patients. The main causes of major blood loss duringsurgery were placental disorders and pre-eclampsia. The main indications for transfusion wereplacental disorders, pre-eclampsia and breech presentation. The packed cell volume, status of theanaesthetist and the ASA grading were other factors, which had statistical association with bloodtransfusion. The risk of major blood loss and transfusion were negligible in patients presentingfor foetal distress, cephalo-pelvic disproportion and breech presentation.Conclusion: The rate of blood transfusion during Caesarian section is high. Antepartum haemorrhageand pre-eclampsia were predictable indications for major blood loss and transfusion. Major bloodloss and transfusion rate were negligible in patients presenting with foetal distress, cephalo-pelvicdisproportion and breech presentation

Evaluation of efficacy and effects of daily dosing of diminazene aceturate in dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense

Resistance to trypanocidal drugs or relapse of infection poses a big challenge to the effective treatment of trypanosomosis. This study investigated the efficacy and effect of multiple daily doses of diminazene aceturate (DA) in Nigerian indigenous dogs (NID) experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense (2.5 x 105). Fifteen NID of both sexes and mean weight of 9.4 0.98 kg were randomly divided into 3 equal groups. Group A dogs were infected but not treated. Groups B and C were infected with T. congolense, and treated with single and four multiple daily divided doses of 3.5 mg/kg of DA, respectively. Parasitaemia was detected in the infected dogs on day 10 post infection (pi) and treatment was instituted in Groups B and C dogs on day 17 pi. Parasitaemia was cleared on days 10 and 8 post-treatment in Groups B and C respectively. There was an increase in urea, creatinine, aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in all the groups while, alkaline phosphatase, Packed Cell Volume and Red Blood Cells count decreased. There was relapse of infection in treated groups on day 25 post-treatment. We concluded that four multiple daily divided doses of DA (3.5 mg/kg) were not effective in preventing relapse of T. congolense infection in NID.Keywords: Diminazene aceturate multiple doses; trypanosomosis; biochemical changes; dog

Retrospective Analysis of Babesiosis in Dogs presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, From 2007 - 2015

A 9-year retrospective analysis of clinical records of dogs presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), between 2007 and 2015 was done to determine the prevalence of babesiosis. A total of 2457 File cases were reviewed and dogs diagnosed with Babesia infection were analysed for the  following parameters: sex, age, medication, mortality and year of occurrence. Data generated were analyzed with One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), using Graph Pad Prism 7 software. Chi square was used to determine the difference between  sexes. Of the 2457 cases presented during the study period, 574 (23.4%) were diagnosed to be babesiosis. This comprised of 266 (46.3%) males and 308 (53.7%) females, with prevalence rates of 10.9% and 12.6% respectively. Relapse cases were 120 (20.9%) while mortality rate was 41 (7.1%). Diminazene aceturate, imidocarb and oxytetracycline were the drugs used in treating canine babesiosis during the period. Among these drugs, oxytetracycline was the most frequently used, but had the highest percentage of relapsed and mortality cases. It was concluded that the prevalence of canine babesiosis in VTH, FUNAAB is high and the highest percentage of relapsed and mortality cases was recorded with use of  oxytetracycline. Keywords: Babesiosis, dogs, Prevalence

Cytomorphological, histopathological and immunohistochemical observations on the histiocytic origin of canine transmissible venereal tumour

The cytogenic origin of canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) still remains unknown. Resulting from paucity of information on the histiocytic phenotypic features and behaviours of CTVT, this study was undertaken to show some uncommon cytomorphological features of CTVT and its immunoreactivity with S-100 protein. Nine cases of CTVT were investigated (6 females and 3 males) using nine fine needle aspirates for cytology and four biopsy samples for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Cytology revealed CTVT cells with pale basophilic, fine granular cytoplasm and distinct intra-nuclear (3/9) and intra-cytoplasmic (9/9) vacuolations. Erythrophagocytosis by a giant binucleated CTVT cell in one dog and nuclear budding in 2 dogs were observed. Histopathology showed loose sheets and cords of uniformly round to ovoid cells with slight indistinct eosinophilic cytoplasm and a tendency towards glandular as well as syncytial formation. Nuclei were large and round with a single centrally placed nucleolus. The mitotic index was high. Immunohistochemistry of the four biopsy samples revealed negative immunoreactivity to  pan-cytokeratin, actin and desmin but positive immunoreactivity with vimetin and S-100 proteins. This is the first report in which CTVT showed erythrophagocytosis, nuclear budding and positive immunoreactivity to S-100 protein. Based on these cytomorphological and immunohistochemical features, we conclude that CTVT is of histiocytic/dendritic origin.Keywords: Cytology, histopathology, Histiocytic origin,   immunohistochemistry, Transmissible Venereal Tumou

Concurrent Hepatozoonosis and Transmissible Venereal Tumour in a 10-Year Old German Shepherd Dog In Abeokuta, Nigeria

In this study, a case of hepatozoonosis with concurrent TVT unresponsive to chemotherapy in a 10-year old female German shepherd dog treated with Vincristine for 10 weeks at the State Veterinary Clinic, Abeokuta, was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Adiagnosis of hepatozoonosis and TVTwere made based on clinical presentations including protruding mass from the vulva, parasitological technique and cytological evaluation of the tumour mass and bone marrow using optical fine needle aspirate. Pathological changes observed in various organs at post-mortem, following euthanasia were cachexia, pale and icteric ocular and oral mucous membranes, enlarged and oedematous lymph nodes. Histopatholgical lesions were round to oval neoplastic cells from the growth observed in the vagina. There were different developmental stages of the merogony of Hepatozoon canisin the bone marrow. We concluded that concurrent hepatozoonosis and TVT and, possibly, the geriatric state of the patient contributed largely to the problem of unresponsiveness to treatment. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of concurrent infection of canine hepatozoonosis and TVTin Nigeria Keywords: Dog, hepatozoonosis, TVT, unresponsive to chemotherap