Rice Framing and Regional Societies in Prehistoric China －The Formation and Diffusion of Cultivation System－

本稿では、先史中国における稲作栽培体系の形成と伝播・拡散を、長江流域と広東・広西地域を対象にして検討し、従来の中国考古学の中原中心史観を再考しながら先史中国の多元的稲作化過程と地域社会について考察した。　まず、イネ遺存体などの自然遺物から構築した農耕論だけでなく、農耕具などの農耕技術を表す栽培体系から構築する農耕論も相互に進めていく必要があるとし、栽培体系からみた長江流域とその地域社会について検討した。結果、少なくとも長江中流域と長江下流域の二つの栽培体系の形成があったことを指摘した。大規模な城壁集落を中心とした広域的な地域社会が両地域では独自的に成立したと同時に、稲作の栽培体系の確立でも異なる道程を歩んだのである。中原中心史観のみで中国全体を捉えるだけでは不十分で、長江流域の少なくとも中流域と下流域のふたつの地域でも「中心」の形成があったことを強調した。　次に両流域系の栽培体系の伝播・拡散を、それぞれの流域を中心に据えて検討した。主にイネ遺存体で語られてきた稲作の出現と伝播・拡散の解釈とは、明らかに栽培体系のそれと異なることが分かった。栽培体系は耕作具と収穫具の関係から体系化した概念である。イネ遺存体が長江流域の周辺に拡散する分布を示すのに対して、先史時代においては長江中流域系と長江下流域系の栽培体系全体が周辺地域に伝播・拡散することはなかった。長江下流域系は、良渚文化の衰退に伴い、東南中国の雲石山文化と石峡文化に一部見られるが、体系的に確立した栽培体系が定着したとは現状認められない。　最後に、稲作のもうひとつの中心地帯である広東・広西の地域社会についても検討を行った。当該地域の先史社会は、イネの利用あるいは稲作の存在を知っていたと推測されるが、自らの生業経済を稲作経済へ移行させることなく、また長江流域系の稲作栽培体系も基本的には受容しなかったことを指摘した

Activation of Src Mediates PDGF-Induced Smad1 Phosphorylation and Contributes to the Progression of Glomerulosclerosis in Glomerulonephritis

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) plays critical roles in mesangial cell (MC) proliferation in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. We showed previously that Smad1 contributes to PDGF-dependent proliferation of MCs, but the mechanism by which Smad1 is activated by PDGF is not precisely known. Here we examined the role of c-Src tyrosine kinase in the proliferative change of MCs. Experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (Thy1 GN) was induced by a single intravenous injection of anti-rat Thy-1.1 monoclonal antibody. In Thy1 GN, MC proliferation and type IV collagen (Col4) expression peaked on day 6. Immunohistochemical staining for the expression of phospho-Src (pSrc), phospho-Smad1 (pSmad1), Col4, and smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) revealed that the activation of c-Src and Smad1 signals in glomeruli peaked on day 6, consistent with the peak of mesangial proliferation. When treated with PP2, a Src inhibitor, both mesangial proliferation and sclerosis were significantly reduced. PP2 administration also significantly reduced pSmad1, Col4, and SMA expression. PDGF induced Col4 synthesis in association with increased expression of pSrc and pSmad1 in cultured MCs. In addition, PP2 reduced Col4 synthesis along with decreased pSrc and pSmad1 protein expression in vitro. Moreover, the addition of siRNA against c-Src significantly reduced the phosphorylation of Smad1 and the overproduction of Col4. These results provide new evidence that the activation of Src/Smad1 signaling pathway plays a key role in the development of glomerulosclerosis in experimental glomerulonephritis

VITA-D: Cholecalciferol substitution in vitamin D deficient kidney transplant recipients: A randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the post-transplant outcome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vitamin D does not only regulate calcium homeostasis but also plays an important role as an immune modulator. It influences the immune system through the induction of immune shifts and regulatory cells resulting in immunologic tolerance. As such, vitamin D is thought to exert beneficial effects within the transplant setting, especially in kidney transplant recipients, considering the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in kidney transplant recipients.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The VITA-D study, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study with two parallel groups including a total of 200 kidney transplant recipients, is designed to investigate the immunomodulatory and renoprotective effects of cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) within the transplant setting. Kidney transplant recipients found to have vitamin D deficiency defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃< 50 nmol per liter will be randomly assigned to receive either oral cholecalciferol therapy or placebo and will be followed for one year. Cholecalciferol will be administered at a dose of 6800 International Units daily over a time period of one year.</p> <p>The objective is to evaluate the influence of vitamin D₃substitution in vitamin D deficient kidney transplant recipients on the post-transplant outcome. As a primary endpoint glomerular filtration rate calculated with the MDRD formula (modification of diet in renal disease) one year after kidney transplantation will be evaluated. Incidence of acute rejection episodes, and the number and severity of infections (analyzed by means of C-reactive protein) within the first year after transplantation will be monitored as well. As a secondary endpoint the influence of vitamin D₃on bone mineral density within the first year post-transplant will be assessed. Three DXA analyses will be performed, one within the first four weeks post-transplant, one five months and one twelve months after kidney transplantation.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00752401</p

25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and chronic kidney disease in the AusDiab (Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle) study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Low 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels have been associated with an increased risk of albuminuria, however an association with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is not clear. We explored the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD), albuminuria and impaired GFR, in a national, population-based cohort of Australian adults (AusDiab Study).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>10,732 adults ≥25 years of age participating in the baseline survey of the AusDiab study (1999–2000) were included. The GFR was estimated using an enzymatic creatinine assay and the CKD-EPI equation, with CKD defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m². Albuminuria was defined as a spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) of ≥2.5 mg/mmol for men and ≥3.5 for women. Serum 25(OH)D levels of <50 nmol/L were considered vitamin D deficient. The associations between 25(OH)D level, albuminuria and impaired eGFR were estimated using multivariate regression models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>30.7% of the study population had a 25(OH)D level <50 nmol/L (95% CI 25.6-35.8). 25(OH)D deficiency was significantly associated with an impaired eGFR in the univariate model (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.07-2.17), but not in the multivariate model (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.67-1.35). 25(OH)D deficiency was significantly associated with albuminuria in the univariate (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.58-2.67) and multivariate models (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.14-2.07).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Vitamin D deficiency is common in this population, and 25(OH)D levels of <50 nmol/L were independently associated with albuminuria, but not with impaired eGFR. These associations warrant further exploration in prospective and interventional studies.</p

ラット シキュウタイ ジンエン ニ オケル Vit D ユウドウタイ ノ ビョウヘン ヨクセイ コウカ ニ ツイテ

京都大学0048新制・論文博士博士(医学)乙第10974号論医博第1785号新制||医||807(附属図書館)UT51-2002-J537(主査)教授 中村 孝志, 教授 小川 修, 教授 北 徹学位規則第4条第2項該当Doctor of Medical ScienceKyoto UniversityDA