Can vitamin D deficiency affect the development of cancer? - review of the literature

Introduction and purpose: Over recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in cases of cancer around the world. At the same time, there is the problem of vitamin D deficiency, which may affect up to one-quarter of the population. The aim of this article is to link these two epidemics and organize knowledge about vitamin D and its multidirectional effects related to many diseases, especially cancer. State of knowledge: Many scientific works have proven that vitamin D has a beneficial effect not only on the known calcium-phosphate metabolism. Researchers emphasize its pleiotropic effect on many organs and systems in the human body, and thus on many diseases, including cancer. Studies show that vitamin D modulates the expression of many different miRNAs specific to various types of cancer. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies showed the effect of calcitriol on cell growth and development. It influences processes such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, strengthens the immune system, and reduces oxidative stress. Summary: Based on accumulated research, we can conclude that vitamin D presumably regulates the entire process of tumorigenesis, from initiation to metastasis and cell-microenvironment interactions. However, some studies do not confirm these data or provide contradictory results. For this reason, it is necessary to deepen research on this topic in order to establish specific recommendations, therapeutic and preventive plans. However, vitamin D and its role in the pathogenesis of many diseases should not be underestimated. In cases of low vitamin D concentration in the body, its supplementation will be reasonable, considering the functional identity of this source compared to sun exposure or diet

How does the consumption of processed food affect the pathogenesis of various diseases? - literature review

Introduction and purpose: With the development of civilization, the amount of technology enabling food processing increases. Due to the implementation of these procedures, food can gain new properties that will make it more attractive in the eyes of the consumer. The aim of our work is to collect information on the relationship between the consumption of processed and ultra-processed food and the development of various diseases, with particular emphasis on civilization diseases. State of knowledge: Processed food often contains non-nutritive ingredients, for example, artificial food additives, which have a negative impact on health. Numerous studies demonstrate the correlation between the consumption of ultra-processed food and the development of various diseases. Scientific research suggests that ultra-processed foods may lead to addictive behavioral and biological responses through their reinforcing effects. It also influences the development of various conditions, including obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, depression, and anxiety. Furthermore, its components pass through the placenta. Summary: In light of the research discussed, we are convinced that we cannot remain indifferent to the role of ultra-processed food in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Its multidirectional negative effects show that it is worth conducting further research to discover more consequences of its mechanisms. At the same time, consumers should become more aware of food composition data to be able to make conscious choices and countries should strive to change the food policies

Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) and Alternatives in Opioid Use Disorder: Reviewing the latest advancements, outcomes, and challenges in substitutional therapy for opioid addiction - literature review

Introduction and Purpose: Opioid addiction is a serious challenge for public health worldwide, and methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is a key therapeutic approach. This review intends to provide an up-to-date summary of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic techniques, and treatment options for Opioid Use Disorder.   Materials and methods: The literature available in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was reviewed using the following keywords: "MMT," "methadone maintenance therapy", “maintenance therapy”, "opioid use disorder",  "opioid addiction," "methadone”, ”naloxone” “naltrexone”, and “buprenorphine”.   State of Knowledge: This review examines current approaches in maintenance therapy for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). In the study, we focus on treatments using methadone, buprenorphine, naloxone, and naltrexone. It focuses on recent advancements, comparing the effectiveness, safety, and patient outcomes of these therapies. Key challenges in treatment accessibility and implementation are also discussed, providing an updated overview of the field and identifying areas for future research in opioid addiction therapy. Conclusion: There is a series of studies researching the psychological and behavioral problems associated with opioid addiction. This research has given medical practitioners valuable guidance on effective management techniques. According to the authors, compared to other alternative treatment methods, methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is still considered the most effective pharmacotherapeutic method in the treatment of opioid addiction. Nevertheless, ongoing research is essential to improve diagnostic processes, develop innovative therapies, and enhance the overall quality of care for those affected by these challenges

Awareness of Endometriosis Symptoms—A Cross Sectional Survey among Polish Women

Background: Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside of the uterine cavity. It affects approximately 6–12% among reproductive-age women. Laparoscopy is still the gold standard for diagnosing it. Since an average of couple of years elapses from the onset of symptoms to the definitive diagnosis, analysis of symptoms could serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed online in November 2019. It contained 23 closed questions, which covered two areas: knowledge and awareness of endometriosis symptoms and its presence among respondents. Results: A total of 3319 women completed the survey, of which 328 were diagnosed with endometriosis (9.9%). The symptoms of endometriosis most often indicated by the general population were infertility and dysmenorrhea. In contrast, those least frequently indicated were painful defecation and dysuria. Respondents suffering from endometriosis indicated that they often or sometimes experienced dysmenorrhea (83%, n = 273), pelvic pain not related to menstruation (72%, n = 235), dyspareunia (68%, n = 223) and painful defecation or dysuria (40%, n = 132). Conclusions: Since the search for a non-invasive diagnostic endometriosis marker has been conducted for many years without success so far, it seems that awareness of the clinical presentation and reported symptoms may help to provide earlier diagnoses

Patients with alopecia areata are at risk of endothelial dysfunction: results of a case–control study

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune form of hair loss, which may affect any hair-bearing area. It has been suggested that AA is associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities. Aim: To evaluate the early predictors of cardiovascular disease [endothelial function (EF) and arterial stiffness (AS)] in patients with AA without prior cardiovascular disease, and compare with healthy controls (HCs). Methods: In total, 52 patients with AA (38 women and 14 men; mean age 41 years, range 30–52 years) and 34 HCs, matched for age, sex and body mass index, were enrolled in the study. EF, expressed as reactive hyperaemia index (RHI), and AS, identified by augmentation index at 75 beats/min (AI@75) were assessed with the use of the Endo-PAT 2000 device. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) was defined as RHI value ≤1.67. Results: ED was observed in 22 of 52 patients with AA (42%) and in 4 of 34 HCs (12%) (P < 0.01). Moreover, mean RHI was lower in patients with AA compared with HCs (1.90 ± 0.31 vs. 2.11 ± 0.45; P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in AI@75 between patients with AA and HCs. Conclusions: Patients with AA show abnormalities in early predictors of cardiovascular diseases. Regular cardiovascular screening might be appropriate for patients with AA