Qualitative and Quantitative Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Analysis

Gama-hidroksibutirat (GHB) supstancija je koja se prirodno sintetizira u organizmu sisavaca. Pretpostavlja se da posjeduje svojstva neurotransmitora. Prvi put GHB je sintetiziran in vitro 1960. godine. Pri tom su otkriveni njegovi sedativni i hipnotički učinci na središnji živčani sustav pa se GHB u 60-im godinama prošlog stoljeća počinje rabiti kao anestetik, a naknadno i kao sredstvo za jačanje mišića. Međutim, nakon što je dokazano da izaziva ovisnost te uzrokuje brojne opasne nuspojave, GHB se povlači iz uporabe i stavlja na popis zabranjenih supstancija. Unatrag zadnjih desetak godina GHB se počinje zlouporabljati kao psihoaktivno sredstvo. Ilegalno se nabavlja u obliku tekućine ili bijelog praha. Jednostavno se priprema iz svog prekursora gama-butirolaktona (GBL). Zbog rastućeg broja prometnih nesreća i kriminalnih djela počinjenih pod njegovim utjecajem GHB zadnjih desetak godina postaje važan analitički objekt forenzičkih i biomedicinskih laboratorija. U ovom radu prikazan je kratak pregled analitičkih metoda razvijenih za etekciju i kvantifikaciju GHB-a u ilegalnim pripravcima i mokraći.Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a naturally occurring compound present in the brain and peripheral tissues of mammals. It is a minor metabolite and precursor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Just as GABA, GHB is believed to play a role in neurotransmission. GHB was first synthesized in vitro in 1960, when it revealed depressive and hypnotic effects on the central nervous system. In 1960s it was used as an anaesthetic and later as an alternative to anabolic steroids, in order to enhance muscle growth. However, after it was shown that it caused strong physical dependence and severe side effects, GHB was banned. For the last fifteen years, GHB has been abused for its intoxicating effects such as euphoria, reduced inhibitions and sedation. Illicitly it is available as white powder or as clear liquid. Paradoxically GHB can easily be manufactured from its precursor gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), which has not yet been banned. Because of many car accidents and criminal acts in which it is involved, GHB has become an important object of forensic laboratory analysis. This paper describes gas and liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, microscopy, colourimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance as methods for detection and quantification of GHB in urine and illicit products

Effect of ultraviolet C radiation on biological samples

Aim To examine the influence of ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation on blood, saliva, semen, and naked DNA samples for preventing DNA cross-contamination on working surfaces in laboratories. Methods Blood, saliva, semen, and DNA isolated from buccal swab samples were obtained from a single male donor and applied to the laboratory working surfaces. UVC radiation was applied to these diluted and undiluted samples with or without previous decontamination of the working surfaces with 10% sodium hypochlorite and 20% ethanol. Genomic DNA was extracted using Chelex. After quantification, DNA was amplified using the AmpFlSTR® NGM™ PCR Amplification Kit. We tested and statistically analyzed DNA concentration, UVC dose, sample volume, radiation time, the number of correctly detected alleles on genetic loci, and the number of correctly detected alleles in four groups in which 16 loci were divided. Results When working surfaces were not decontaminated and were treated only with UVC radiation in the laboratory, the genetic profile for naked DNA could not be obtained after 2 minutes of UVC radiation and for saliva after 54 hours. For blood and semen, a partial genetic profile was obtained even after 250 hours of UVC radiation in the laminar. When working surfaces were decontaminated with 10% sodium hypochlorite and 20% ethanol, genetic profile could not be obtained for naked DNA after 2 minutes, for saliva after 4 hours, for blood after 16 hours, and for semen after 8 hours of UVC radiation in the laboratory. Conclusion It is recommended to carefully and thoroughly clean working surfaces with 10% sodium hypochlorite and 20% ethanol followed by minimal 16-hour UVC exposure (dose approximately 4380 mJ/cm2) for complete and successful decontamination

La qualità della carne dei polli da ingrasso alimentati con l\u27aggiunta della propoli naturale

Učinak dodatka nativnog propolisa na kvalitetu mesa tovnih pilića istražen je u ovom radu. Osim smolastih biljnih sastavnica, u propolisu se nalaze sekreti pčelinjih žlijezda slinovnica poput lipofilne tvari, sluzi, ljepila, ulja, pa i voska. Propolis ima brojna terapeutska djelovanja poput antimikrobnog (antibakterijsko, antivirusno, antifungalno), protuupalno, regeneracijskog (zacjeljuje rane i obnavlja oštećeno tkivo), imunostimulacijskog, anestetičkog, spazmatičnog, te antikancerogenog (antitumorsko), kardiovaskularnog (učvršćuje strukture kapilara) i naposlijetku antioksidativnog. Upotreba antibiotskih poticatelja rasta napuštena je u peradarskoj proizvodnji i nužno je pronaći alternativne strategije kontrole i prevencije infekcija. U istraživanju su korišteni bataci i bijelo meso od deset tovnih pilića iz svake pokusne skupine kako bi se ispitao utjecaj dodatka prirodnog propolisa standardnoj krmnoj smjesi za tovne piliće na kemijsku kvalitetu mesa pomoću standardnih kemijskih metoda. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju pozitivan učinak prirodnog propolisa na kvalitetu mesa tovnih pilića.The effect of added supplement from nature propolis of the quality of broilers meat was researched in this paper. Besides resin plant components, propolis contain bee secretions of the salivary glands, such as lipophilic substances, mucus, adhesives, oils, and even wax. Propolis had many therapeutic activities such as antimicrobial (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal), anti-inflammatory, regenerative (heals wounds and restores damaged tissue), immunostimulatory, anesthetic, spazmic and anticarcinogenic (antitumor), cardiovascular (reinforces the structure capillaries) and finally antioxidant. Usage of antibiotic growth promotors is abandoned in poultry production as well, it is neccesary to find alternative strategies for control and prevention of infections. Broilers buttlock and white meat from ten broilers from each experimental group were taken in order to examine the effect of addition of the supplement of nature propolis to the controlled food intended for broilers on chemical quality of broilers meat using standard chemical methodes. The data provided by this study illustrate beneficial effects of nature propolis supplement on the quality of broilers meat.In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss vom nativen Propolis auf Qualität des Fleisches von Masthühnern untersucht. Außer harzreichen pflanzlichen Bestandteilen befinden sich im Propolis Sekrete von Bienenspeicheldrüsen wie lipophile Substanzen, Schleime, Klebstoffe, Öle und sogar Wachs. Propolis hat zahlreiche therapeutische Wirkungen wie z.B. antimikrobische Wirkung (antibakterielle, antivirulente, antifungale), gegen Entzündungen, regenerationsfähige Wirkung (hilft bei Wundenheilung und regeneriert das beschädigte Gewebe), immunostimulative, anästhetische, spasmatische und antikanzerogene (antitumor), cardiovasculare (befestigt die Kapilarstruktur) Wirkung und Antioxidationswirkung. Man hat vom Gebrauch der antibiotischen Wachstumerreger in Hühnerherstellung Abstand genommen. Infolge dessen zeigt sich als nötig, alternative Strategien der Kontrolle und Prävention der Infektion zu finden. In der Untersuchung wurden Keulen und Filet von zehn Masthühnern aus jeder Experimentalgruppe benutzt, um den Einfluss des nativen Propolis als Zugabe der standarden Viehfuttermischung für Masthühner auf chemische Fleischqualität mittels chemischer Standardmethoden zu bestimmen. Die Resultate dieser Untersuchung zeigen eine positive Wirkung von nativem Propolis auf Fleischqualität der Masthühner.Il presente lavora esamina l\u27effetto dell\u27aggiunta del propoli nativo sulla qualità della carne dei polli da ingrasso. Oltre alle sostanze resinose di origine vegetale, la propoli contiene le secrezioni delle ghiandole salivari, come le sostanze lipofile, il muco, la colla, l\u27olio e perfino la cera. La propoli ha numerosi effetti terapeutici come l\u27effetto antimicrobico (antibatterico, antivirale, antifungale), l\u27effetto antinfiammatorio e regenerativo (fa rimarginare le ferite e ripara il tessuto danneggiato), l\u27effetto immunostimolatorio, anestetico, spastico ed anticancerogeno (antitumorale), gli effetti cardiovascolari (rafforza la struttura dei vasi capillari) e infine l\u27effetto antiossidante. L\u27uso degli stimolatori di crescita a base di antibiotici è abbandonato nella produzione della carne di volatili e occorre trovare delle strategie alternative del controllo e della prevenzione delle infezioni. Nella ricerca sono utilizzate le cosce e la carne bianca di 10 polli da ingrasso di ogni guppo di prova per esaminare l\u27effetto dell\u27aggiunta della propoli naturale nell\u27impasto del mangime standard per i polli da ingrasso sulla qualità chimica della carne per mezzo di metodi chimici standard. I risultati di questa ricerca hanno presentato un effetto positivo della propoli naturale sulla qualità della carne dei polli da ingrasso

Valutazione chimica della qualità della carne di pollo proveniente dai polli da ingrasso alimentati con l’aggiunta del fungo coltivato Agaricus bisporus

Opasnosti korištenja antibiotskih poticatelja rasta u hrani za životinje po ljudsko zdravlje i/ili zlouporaba antibiotskih poticatelja rasta, dovele su do zabrane njihove uporabe u Europskoj Uniji (Regulation EC No. 1831/2003). U skladu s člankom 17. Uredbe (EZ-a) br 1831/2003 o dodacima koji se koriste u prehrani životinja, Komisija je utvrdila Registar dodataka hrani za životinje, prema kojem preporučuju prirodni dodatak hrani za životinje, Agaricus bisporus i njegov ekstrakt CoE 543. Stoga, u ovom radu na osnovi dobivenih rezultata udjela bjelančevina i masti u mesu pilića hranjenih uz dodatak pripravka plemenite pečurke Agaricus bisporus, možemo zaključiti da se analizirano meso odlikuje niskom energetskom vrijednosti te se kao takvim može smatrati povoljnim dijetetskim proizvodom namijenjenim za ljudsku prehranu.The eff ect of added supplement from button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus of the quality of broilers meet was researched in this paper. Nutritional content of an animal feed is infl uenced not only by nutrient content but also by many other aspects such as, feed presentation, hygiene, digestibility, and eff ect on health. Usage of antibiotic growth promotors is abandoned in poultry production as well, it is neccesery to fi nd alternative strategies for control and prevention of infections. Broilers buttlock and white meat from seven broilers from each experimental group were taken in order to examine the eff ect of addition of the supplement of white button mushroom to the controlled food intended for broilers on chemical quality of broilers meat using standard chemical methodes. Based on the percentages of water, protein, fat and ash in meat of broilers fed with food additive made of Agaricus bisporus we conclude that it is characterized by a low energy value, and as such can be considered as favorable dietary product, so called ‘’light meat’’ intendedfor human consumption.Die Gefahr vom Gebrauch der antibiotischen Wachstumanreger im Viehfutter auf menschliche Gesundheit und/oder Missbrauch der antibiotischen Wachstumanreger führte zum Verbot für deren Gebrauch in der Europäischen Union (Regulation EC No. 1831/2003). Im Einklang mit Art. 17. der Verordnung (EZ-a) Nr. 1831/2003 über die Zutaten, die bei der Fütterung der Tiere gebraucht werden, bestimmte die zuständige Komission das Register der Zutaten im Viehfutter, womit natürliche Zutaten im Viehfutter empfohlen werden, Agaricus bisporus und dessen Extrakt CoE 543. Wir können deshalb in dieser Arbeit zu dem Schluss kommen, auf Grund der erzielten Resultate über den Anteil von Eiweißstoff en und Fetten im Fleisch der Hühner, gefüttert mit Futter mit Zutaten des Edelegerlings Agaricus bisporus, dass das analysierte Fleisch einen niedrigen energetischen Wert hat, und somit dasselbe als günstiges Diäterzeugnis in der menschlichen Nahrung darstellt.I rischi dell’uso degli stimolatori antibiotici della crescita negli alimenti per animali per la salute umana e/o l’abuso di stimolatori antibiotici della crescita, hanno portato alla proibizione del loro uso nell’Unione Europea (Regolamento CE n. 1831/2003). In conformità all’articolo 17 del Regolamento (UE) n. 1831/2003 sugli additivi che si usano nell’alimentazione degli animali, la Commissione ha stabilito il Registro degli additivi destinati all’alimentazione animale, secondo il quale raccomanda l’additivo naturale Agaricus bisporus nell’alimentazione animale e il suo estratto CoE 543. Dunque, sulla base dei risultati ottenuti della percentuale di proteine e grassi nella carne dei polli alimentati con il supplemento del fungo Agaricus bisporus, possiamo concludere che la carne analizzata si distingue per un basso valore energetico e come tale è da considerarsi come un prodotto dietetico favorevole destinato all’alimentazione umana

Qualitative and Quantitative Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Analysis

Gama-hidroksibutirat (GHB) supstancija je koja se prirodno sintetizira u organizmu sisavaca. Pretpostavlja se da posjeduje svojstva neurotransmitora. Prvi put GHB je sintetiziran in vitro 1960. godine. Pri tom su otkriveni njegovi sedativni i hipnotički učinci na središnji živčani sustav pa se GHB u 60-im godinama prošlog stoljeća počinje rabiti kao anestetik, a naknadno i kao sredstvo za jačanje mišića. Međutim, nakon što je dokazano da izaziva ovisnost te uzrokuje brojne opasne nuspojave, GHB se povlači iz uporabe i stavlja na popis zabranjenih supstancija. Unatrag zadnjih desetak godina GHB se počinje zlouporabljati kao psihoaktivno sredstvo. Ilegalno se nabavlja u obliku tekućine ili bijelog praha. Jednostavno se priprema iz svog prekursora gama-butirolaktona (GBL). Zbog rastućeg broja prometnih nesreća i kriminalnih djela počinjenih pod njegovim utjecajem GHB zadnjih desetak godina postaje važan analitički objekt forenzičkih i biomedicinskih laboratorija. U ovom radu prikazan je kratak pregled analitičkih metoda razvijenih za etekciju i kvantifikaciju GHB-a u ilegalnim pripravcima i mokraći.Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a naturally occurring compound present in the brain and peripheral tissues of mammals. It is a minor metabolite and precursor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Just as GABA, GHB is believed to play a role in neurotransmission. GHB was first synthesized in vitro in 1960, when it revealed depressive and hypnotic effects on the central nervous system. In 1960s it was used as an anaesthetic and later as an alternative to anabolic steroids, in order to enhance muscle growth. However, after it was shown that it caused strong physical dependence and severe side effects, GHB was banned. For the last fifteen years, GHB has been abused for its intoxicating effects such as euphoria, reduced inhibitions and sedation. Illicitly it is available as white powder or as clear liquid. Paradoxically GHB can easily be manufactured from its precursor gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), which has not yet been banned. Because of many car accidents and criminal acts in which it is involved, GHB has become an important object of forensic laboratory analysis. This paper describes gas and liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, microscopy, colourimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance as methods for detection and quantification of GHB in urine and illicit products