IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL DEITIES AMONG THE MAHISHYA COMMUNITY OF EAST MIDNAPORE: A STUDY THROUGH NARRATIVES FROM EVERYDAY LIFE

People of rural India have been worshiped a number of village deities which are totally unknown to the urban population. Moreover which are specif to locality, villages and village community as well. These deities have no place in the great tradition of India but they have played dominant role in little tradition. They are popular to the villagers for their charismatic power. Villagers have been facing different problems in their personal and family lives throughout the year. In those crises, they have prayed to them to get relief from the probable hazardous situations. They felt that it is the blessing of their local deities.This paper has been prepared on the basis of field experiences which have been gathered during October, 2018 to January, 2019 from two villages (namely, Bahadurpur village of Bhagawanpur-II Block and Ali Chak village of Khejuri-I Block) of East Midnapore. Researchers have been revealed that in both villages people have been worshipped ‘Smasan Kali’ and Lord Hori as their ‘Grama Devi’ and ‘Grama Devata’. There are different existing popular narratives regarding these deities and their kind miraculous power. Researchers have been collected several narratives from there about these local deities. Villagers have gathered their motivation from those stories. So, this paper has been able to explore the dominant role of these deities in local level. This has been attempted to find out the significance of the narratives in context of deities in village life

Jointly Optimal RIS Placement and Power Allocation for Underlay D2D Communications: An Outage Probability Minimization Approach

In this paper, we study underlay device-to-device (D2D) communication systems empowered by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) for cognitive cellular networks. Considering Rayleigh fading channels and the general case where there exist both the direct and RIS-enabled D2D channels, the outage probability (OP) of the D2D communication link is presented in closed-form. Next, for the considered RIS-empowered underlaid D2D system, we frame an OP minimization problem. We target the joint optimization of the transmit power at the D2D source and the RIS placement, under constraints on the transmit power at the D2D source and on the limited interference imposed on the cellular user for two RIS deployment topologies. Due to the coupled optimization variables, the formulated optimization problem is extremely intractable. We propose an equivalent transformation which we are able to solve analytically. In the transformed problem, an expression for the average value of the signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) at the D2D receiver is derived in closed-form. Our theoretical derivations are corroborated through simulation results, and various system design insights are deduced. It is indicatively showcased that the proposed RIS-empowered underlaid D2D system design outperforms the benchmark semi-adaptive optimal power and optimal distance schemes, offering $44\%$ and $20\%$ performance improvement, respectively