Honeypots and honeynets: issues of privacy

Honeypots and honeynets are popular tools in the area of network security and network forensics. The deployment and usage of these tools are influenced by a number of technical and legal issues, which need to be carefully considered. In this paper, we outline the privacy issues of honeypots and honeynets with respect to their technical aspects. The paper discusses the legal framework of privacy and legal grounds to data processing. We also discuss the IP address, because by EU law, it is considered personal data. The analysis of legal issues is based on EU law and is supported by discussions on privacy and related issues

Traditional botanical wisdom of <i style="">Birhore</i> tribes of Jharkhand

467-470The state, Jharkhand, as the name suggests, is rich in biodiversity and their traditional usage. Birhore, a dwindling tribe of Jharkhand is the custodian of traditional botanical knowledge. Their day to day life is dependent solely on forest. Their ways of utilizing plants as food, medicine and for other house hold purposes are not only novel but scientific also. Because of various anthropogenic as well as natural reasons, the population of Birhores is declining rapidly. It is, therefore, urgent to document their knowledge. Conservation and proper management of local vegetation is required for sustainable existence of the tribe. The paper deals with the plants used by this tribe for various purposes

Effect of pre-incubation of nitrate and ammonium in cultures on nitrate reductase activity in marine red algae <i style="">Gelidiella </i>and <i style="">Gracilaria </i>from southeast coast of India

232-236Nitrate reductase (NR) activities of six agar yielding seaweeds viz. Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria corticata, G. crassa, G. edulis, G. foliifera and G. verrucosa pre-incubated in different concentrations (150, 300, 450, 600 and 750 µmol/l) of nitrate (NaNO3) and ammonium (NH4)2S2O8 (700, 1400, 2100, 2800 and 3500 µmol/l) were studied. NR activity ranged from 0.07 to 24.72 mmol/g (f.wt)/h in G. acerosa; 0.19 to 5.83 mmol/g (fr.wt.)/h in G. corticata; 0.23 to 9.99 mmol/g (fr.wt.)/h in G .crassa; 0.06 to 0.43 mmol/g (fr.wt.)/h in G. edulis; 0.37 to 19.92 mmol/g (fr.wt.)/h in G. foliifera and 0.74 to 10.54 mmol/g (fr.wt.)/h in G. verrucosa. Maximum NR activity was found at an optimum nitrate concentration of 600 µ mol/l in all five species of Gracilaria and at 450 µmol/l in Gelidiella acerosa. Nitrate enhanced NR activity in all six species of agarophytes. Ammonium suppressed NR activity in all algae except G. edulis in which no obvious difference was observed in NR activity between NO3 and NH4 added culture

Seasonal growth and reproduction of marine red alga <i>Asparagopsis delilei</i> <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">(Rhodophyta/ Bonnemaisoniales) from the Mandapam region, southeast coast of India</span>

60-65<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">Asparagopsis delilei <span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">Montagne occurs beyond 2.5 m depth on the coral reef adjoining the islands—Krusadai, Putty and Valai in the Gulf of Mannar region, southeast coast of India. Seasonal growthh and carpospore liberation in this alga were studied from three Islands. Maximum growth (length and fresh wt) was found during November-March. Maximum number of carpospores 22300, 11917 and 5037 per g. fresh weight was recorded for the plants of Krusadai, Putty and Valai Island respectively. A positive correlation was observed between length and fresh weight of the plants, whereas a negative correlation was found between Number of cystocarps and carpospores shed per cystocarp, fresh weight of the plant and carpospores shed per g fresh weight. Diurnal periodicity in carpospore shedding was also seen for four months during the peak growth period from August 1994 to January 1995.</span

Culture of brown alga Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta, Laminariales) in warm waters of Shikoku, Japan

55-60Young sporophytes of biennial L. japonica from cold waters of Hokkaido were transplanted into warm waters of Uranouchi inlet, Shikoku island. Sporelings were grown at different depths below the surface of the sea. Healthy growth of the plants was obtained from December to May at 10-degrees to 23-degrees-C. Maximum values of plant length of 254.5 cm, blade length 25 1.1 cm, breadth 15.6 cm, wet weight 290.7 g and dry weight 44.5 g were obtained at 1.5 to 2 m depth in May 1984. Maximum substantiality (utility) value (91.23 mg.cm-2) was obtained in 1986. Nearly 8.7 kg wet weight m-1 length of the rope was obtained. Maximum growth rate per day was 10 and 4% for length and fresh weight respectively in January, 2% for breadth in April and 5.5% for dry weight in May. Linear growth rate of transition region was maximum, 13.8% d-1 in March. Plants started fruiting in February and many zoospores were liberated in April-May. The zoospores developed into many gametophytes at 17-degrees-C in incubators

Culture of <i>Enteromorpha flexuosa</i> (Wulf.) J.Ag.(Chlorophyceae) in outdoor pool

212-218A technique for a large scale outdoor culture of E. flexuosa in plastic pools (capacity of 7,000 1 and 7.07 m2 surface area) was standardized and various parameters for maximum growth were studied. Maximum growth was obtained when (i) nylon threads were seeded with 10 ml swarmer suspension of 200 ppm turbidity (7 cm OD) diluted to 200 ml;(ii)plants were maintained floating near surface waters and up to depths of 10 to 15 cm; (iii) seawater enriched with NaNO3 or NH4NO3 (7 mg N.I-1) and Na2HPO4.2H2O (1mg P.I-1)and micronutrients; NaNO3 was used during early growth stages while NH4NO3 was used later on; and (iv) temperature was maintained between 17 ᵒ and 32 ᵒ C and solar irradiance 1,100 µ Em-2.s-1. Under the above conditions, biomass obtained was 996 to 1,350 g (fresh) or 132.8 to 95.5 g (dry) m-2 area; 283 to 382 g (fresh) or 35 to 26.7 g(dry) m-1 length of nylon thread; and 4.4 to 5.15 g (fresh) 1 -1 or 0.54 to 0.36 g (dry) 1-1 of seawater. Increase in fresh weight was 26.5 to 21.6% day-1 within 33 to 38 days. The results indicate that the alga can be cultivated by this technique throughout the year

Culture of marine red alga Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty on the Saurashtra region, west-coast of India

24-31Apical fragments 1, 2 and 3 cm long of K. striatum were ideal as starting seed material for culture; in laboratory, outdoor and field conditions, respectively. Vertically excised fragments through medullary tissue yielded maximum vegetative seed material and biomass. Initial wet weight versus culture volume ratio (g:l) for maximum growth, was 1:6.25. Comparatively high growth of the alga in outdoor culture was observed when it was planted in February and June at 23 degrees to 30 degrees C temperature, and in enriched seawater which was renewed at 15 days intervals. Continuous exposure to low temperature between 13 degrees and 23 degrees C and above 30 degrees C adversely affected the growth of the alga. Nearly, 360 g wet wt. m(-2) area representing 1.4 g.l(-1) biomass was produced in bench scale outdoor cultures in tank. Maximum growth of the alga in the tide pools of the sea was recorded at 0.1 m below the surface of the pool water, where it was covered by a water column of 0.1 m to 0.25 m during lowest low water of spring tides and 2.5 m to 3.9 m (3.4 +/- 0.4 m) during highest,high water of neap to spring tides. The alga produced maximum biomass of 4217% over initial with growth rate 2.5% to 7.17% d(-1) during December to March. Coral stones were better substratum for firm attachment of this alga. During March, 21% of the liberated carpospores and 51.5% of the liberated tetraspores germinated. The tetraspore germination was like that of Gelidium

Impact of ultraviolet-B radiation on a marine red alga <i style="">Kappaphycus alvarezii</i> (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta)

105-107Kappaphykus alvarezii (Doty) Doty, an exotic alga to Indian waters is one of the best sources of kappa carrageenan. It was cultured and 60 days old algal fragments were subjected to UV-B radiation (280-320 nm) for 30 to 180 minutes, in the laboratory and analysed for pigments and carrageenam content. A gradual decrease in pigment levels, soluble protein content, carrageenan yield, and in the properties of carrageenan was observed as compared to control. More than 150 min exposure to UV-B radiation strongly inhibited pigment accumulation (63.90 to 92.20%), carrageenan yield (21.68 to 33.82%), gel strength (81.17 to 82.90%) and protein (48.42 to 58.20%)

Effect of shelf life of brown algae <i style="">Sargassum wightii </i>(Fucales/Phaeophyta)<i style=""> </i>and <i style="">Turbinaria conoides</i> (Fucales/Phaeophyta)<i style=""> </i>on alginic acid yield

108-110Two brown algae Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria conoides were collected from the shores of Mandapam, (south east coast of India) then dried in air under sun and shade separately and stored at room temperature (30±2°C) for a period of 120 days. Their alginic acid yield was determined at regular intervals of 15 days period. In sun dried Sargassum wightii, (moisture content 84.81±2.31%),slight increase in alginic acid was observed from 30 days to 105 days whereas in shade dried alga (moisture 81.17±2.19%), slight decrease in alginic acid yield was obtained on 120th day. In the case of Turbinaria conoides, depletion of alginic acid yield was more in shade dried alga (moisture 81.82±1.68%) and lesser in sun dried alga (moisture 83.96±2.5%). Therefore algae dried under direct sunlight and then stored in polythene bags increases the shelf life of above algae with respect to alginic acid content