12 research outputs found
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National variability in Americans’ COVID-19 protective behaviors: Implications for vaccine roll-out
Protective behaviors such as mask wearing and physical distancing are critical to slow the spread of COVID-19, even in the context of vaccine scale-up. Understanding the variation in self-reported COVID-19 protective behaviors is critical to developing public health messaging. The purpose of the study is to provide nationally representative estimates of five self-reported COVID-19 protective behaviors and correlates of such behaviors. In this cross-sectional survey study of US adults, surveys were administered via internet and telephone. Adults were surveyed from April 30-May 4, 2020, a time of peaking COVID-19 incidence within the US. Participants were recruited from the probability-based AmeriSpeak® national panel. Brief surveys were completed by 994 adults, with 73.0% of respondents reported mask wearing, 82.7% reported physical distancing, 75.1% reported crowd avoidance, 89.8% reported increased hand-washing, and 7.7% reported having prior COVID-19 testing. Multivariate analysis (p critical value .05) indicates that women were more likely to report protective behaviors than men, as were those over age 60. Respondents who self-identified as having low incomes, histories of criminal justice involvement, and Republican Party affiliation, were less likely to report four protective behaviors, though Republicans and individuals with criminal justice histories were more likely to report having received COVID-19 testing. The majority of Americans engaged in COVID-19 protective behaviors, with low-income Americans, those with histories of criminal justice involvement, and self-identified Republicans less likely to engage in these preventive behaviors. Culturally competent public health messaging and interventions might focus on these latter groups to prevent future infections. These findings will remain highly relevant even with vaccines widely available, given the complementarities between vaccines and protective behaviors, as well as the many challenges in delivering vaccines.</p
Efficacy of a Six-Month versus a 36-Month Regimen for Prevention of Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Persons in India: A Randomized Clinical Trial
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The optimal duration of preventive therapy for tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-infected persons in TB-endemic countries is unknown.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>An open-label randomized clinical trial was performed and analyzed for equivalence. Seven hundred and twelve HIV-infected, ART-naïve patients without active TB were randomized to receive either ethambutol 800 mg and isoniazid 300 mg daily for six-months (6EH) or isoniazid 300 mg daily for 36-months (36H). Drugs were dispensed fortnightly and adherence checked by home visits. Patients had chest radiograph, sputum smear and culture performed every six months, in addition to investigations if they developed symptoms. The primary endpoint was incident TB while secondary endpoints were all-cause mortality and adverse events. Survival analysis was performed on the modified intent to treat population (m-ITT) and rates compared.</p> <h3>Findings</h3><p>Tuberculosis developed in 22 (6.4%) of 344 subjects in the 6EH arm and 13 (3.8%) of 339 subjects in the 36H arm with incidence rates of 2.4/100py (95%CI- 1.4–3.5) and 1.6/100py (95% CI-0.8–3.0) with an adjusted rate ratio (aIRR) of 1.6 (0.8–3.2). Among TST-positive subjects, the aIRR of 6EH was 1.7 (0.6–4.3) compared to 36H, p = 0.8. All-cause mortality and toxicity were similar in the two arms. Among 15 patients with confirmed TB, 4 isolates were resistant to isoniazid and 2 were multidrug-resistant.</p> <h3>Interpretation</h3><p>Both regimens were similarly effective in preventing TB, when compared to historical incidence rates. However, there was a trend to lower TB incidence with 36H. There was no increase in isoniazid resistance compared to the expected rate in HIV-infected patients.</p> <p>The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00351702.</p> </div
TB incidence and mortality rate among TST positive and negative subjects, by regimen (mITT population) and per protocol analysis.
<p>TB incidence and mortality rate among TST positive and negative subjects, by regimen (mITT population) and per protocol analysis.</p
Demographic Details of m-ITT Population (n = 683).
*<p>CD4 counts were available for 316 in 6EH and 320 patients in 36H arms respectively.</p
Kaplan-Meier curves showing cumulative probability of survival without TB and death over 36 months by regimen, TST status, CD4 count and sex.
<p>The four top panels show cumulative survival without TB over 36 months by regimen (6EH versus 36H, ns), TST (<5 mm versus >5 mm, ns), CD4 count (<200 versus >200 cells/mm3, p<0.001) and sex (female versus male, p = 0.05). The four bottom panels show cumulative mortality over 36 months by regimen (6EH versus 36H, ns), TST (<5 mm versus >5 mm, ns), CD4 count (<200 versus >200 cells/mm3, p<0.001) and sex (female versus male, p<0.001).</p
Crude rates and adjusted incidence rate ratios for TB incidence and death, in ITT, m-ITT (excluding culture positive cases at baseline) and per-protocol population.
<p>Crude rates and adjusted incidence rate ratios for TB incidence and death, in ITT, m-ITT (excluding culture positive cases at baseline) and per-protocol population.</p