Impact of Antiretroviral Drugs on Renal Doppler Indices of Adult Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Sub-Saharan African Population

Background: The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the management of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome has drastically reduced the morbidity and mortality as a result of HIV infections worldwide. However, there have been associated organ toxicities including nephro-toxicity. The main objective of the study was to determine the impact of   antiretroviral drugs on renal Doppler indices of adult patients with HIV/AIDS in a Sub-Saharan Africa population. Materials and Methods: This study design was a prospective cohort conducted from July 2019 to April 2020 in Kano, Nigeria. A purposive sampling method was employed to obtain a sample size of 396 participants. The sampling for the renal RI and PI was performed at the level of the interlober arteries in between the medullary pyramids. Results: Subjects on Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Navirapine regimen had the highest values of resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) (0.66±0.05 and 1.44±0.09). Those on Tenofovir Disoproxil Furamate /Lamivudine /Lopinavir/ritonavir had the lowest values of resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) (0.61±0.01 and 1.38±0.06). There was a statistically significance difference in the mean of the RI and PI between the different groups of the drugs regimens (p=0.000). Conclusion: In this study Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Navirapine regimen had the highest negative impact on RI and PI while Tenofovir Disoproxil Furamate /Lamivudine /Lopinavir/ritonavir had the lowest

Renal Doppler Indices of Normal Adult Individuals and their Correlation with Anthropometric Variables in Kano, Nigeria

Introduction: Doppler ultrasound has been extensively used in renal diseases. Data of the normal renal resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of normal adult individuals in a population is critical in the diagnosis, prognostics and therapeutic assessments of patients with kidney disease. The study aimed at evaluating the renal Doppler indices of normal adult individuals and their correlation with demographic variables in Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This study design was a prospective cross-sectional conducted in normal adult individuals from July 2019 to April 2020 in the Radiology Department, Aminu of Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Stratified and simple random sampling methods were employed in the study and a sample size of 384 participants; 192 males and 192 females were recruited. The Doppler ultrasound was performed on all the participants. An RI value above 0.70 was considered abnormal while PI value above 1.56 was also considered abnormal. The data was analyzed using SPSS Version 22.0. Preset ρ-value (0.05). Results: The mean and the standard deviation of the right and left RI and PI for the males’ participants were 0.60±0.02, 0.59±0.02,  1.26±0.15 and 1.25±0.14. For females’ participants it was 0.59±0.25, 0.59±0.03, 1.17±0.16 and 1.16±0.16. There was statistically significant strong positive correlation between RI and PI with age (r˃6, p=0), there was also statistically significant moderate positive correlation with weight, BMI and BSA (r˃4, p=0). Conclusion: This study has established normative values of RI and PI for adult individuals in Kano, Nigeria. There was a strong positive  correlation between RI and PI with age and moderate positive correlation with weight, BMI and BSA. Keywords: RI, PI, Normal, Adult Individuals&nbsp