Laparoscopic evaluation of pelvic organ in case of subfertility

Background: Globally subfertility affects 10-15% of couple. All these people need proper evaluation and treatment. Now a days laparoscopy considered as a gold standard procedure for evaluation of pelvic organ. The aim of this study was to find out the different causes of female factor infertility with the help of laparoscopy.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in infertility clinic of BIRDEM hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of May, 2007 to October 2007. The study group comprised 100 cases of infertile patients.Results: In this study, among 100 patients 68% had primary and 32% had secondary infertility. In laparoscopy majority (55.0%) had normal ovary, 20.0% had cystic change with thick capsule in right ovary and 22% had in left ovary, 7.0% had endometriosis, 8.0% had adhesion, 10.0% had simple cyst in right ovary and 8% had in left ovary and rest could not be visualized. 79.4% right and 77.9% left fallopian tube patent in primary subfertility cases and 56.3% right and 59.4% left tube normal in secondary subfertility cases. Both fallopian tube patent in 62%, unilateral block 21% and bilateral block in 17% cases in this study peritoneum was normal in 78% cases, 8% cases there was endometriosis and 14% cases there was adhesion of fallopian tube with the ovary, adhesion of uterus with intestine and also with bladder.Conclusions: Laparoscopy is an important tool for diagnosing anatomical and pathological abnormalities of pelvic organ which has a major role in subfertility management.

SARS-CoV-2 and Rohingya Refugee Camp, Bangladesh: Uncertainty and How the Government Took Over the Situation

Background: Bangladesh hosts more than 800,000 Rohingya refugees from Myanmar. The low health immunity, lifestyle, access to good healthcare services, and social-security cause this population to be at risk of far more direct effects of COVID-19 than the host population. Therefore, evidence-based forecasting of the COVID-19 burden is vital in this regard. In this study, we aimed to forecast the COVID-19 obligation among the Rohingya refugees of Bangladesh to keep up with the disease outbreak’s pace, health needs, and disaster preparedness. Methodology and Findings: To estimate the possible consequences of COVID-19 in the Rohingya camps of Bangladesh, we used a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) transmission model. All of the values of different parameters used in this model were from the Bangladesh Government’s database and the relevant emerging literature. We addressed two different scenarios, i.e., the best-fitting model and the good-fitting model with unique consequences of COVID-19. Our best fitting model suggests that there will be reasonable control over the transmission of the COVID-19 disease. At the end of December 2020, there will be only 169 confirmed COVID-19 cases in the Rohingya refugee camps. The average basic reproduction number (R0 role= presentation \u3eR0) has been estimated to be 0.7563. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that, due to the extensive precautions from the Bangladesh government and other humanitarian organizations, the coronavirus disease will be under control if the maintenance continues like this. However, detailed and pragmatic preparedness should be adopted for the worst scenario

Enhancing rice growth and yield with weed endophytic bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis and Metabacillus indicus under reduced chemical fertilization.

Endophytic bacteria, recognized as eco-friendly biofertilizers, have demonstrated the potential to enhance crop growth and yield. While the plant growth-promoting effects of endophytic bacteria have been extensively studied, the impact of weed endophytes remains less explored. In this study, we aimed to isolate endophytic bacteria from native weeds and assess their plant growth-promoting abilities in rice under varying chemical fertilization. The evaluation encompassed measurements of mineral phosphate and potash solubilization, as well as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production activity by the selected isolates. Two promising strains, tentatively identified as Alcaligenes faecalis (BTCP01) from Eleusine indica (Goose grass) and Metabacillus indicus (BTDR03) from Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, exhibited noteworthy phosphate and potassium solubilization activity, respectively. BTCP01 demonstrated superior phosphate solubilizing activity, while BTDR03 exhibited the highest potassium (K) solubilizing activity. Both isolates synthesized IAA in the presence of L-tryptophan, with the detection of nifH and ipdC genes in their genomes. Application of isolates BTCP01 and BTDR03 through root dipping and spraying at the flowering stage significantly enhanced the agronomic performance of rice variety CV. BRRI dhan29. Notably, combining both strains with 50% of recommended N, P, and K fertilizer doses led to a substantial increase in rice grain yields compared to control plants receiving 100% of recommended doses. Taken together, our results indicate that weed endophytic bacterial strains BTCP01 and BTDR03 hold promise as biofertilizers, potentially reducing the dependency on chemical fertilizers by up to 50%, thereby fostering sustainable rice production

SARS-CoV-2 and Rohingya Refugee Camp, Bangladesh: Uncertainty and How the Government Took Over the Situation

Background: Bangladesh hosts more than 800,000 Rohingya refugees from Myanmar. The low health immunity, lifestyle, access to good healthcare services, and social-security cause this population to be at risk of far more direct effects of COVID-19 than the host population. Therefore, evidence-based forecasting of the COVID-19 burden is vital in this regard. In this study, we aimed to forecast the COVID-19 obligation among the Rohingya refugees of Bangladesh to keep up with the disease outbreak’s pace, health needs, and disaster preparedness. Methodology and Findings: To estimate the possible consequences of COVID-19 in the Rohingya camps of Bangladesh, we used a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) transmission model. All of the values of different parameters used in this model were from the Bangladesh Government’s database and the relevant emerging literature. We addressed two different scenarios, i.e., the best-fitting model and the good-fitting model with unique consequences of COVID-19. Our best fitting model suggests that there will be reasonable control over the transmission of the COVID-19 disease. At the end of December 2020, there will be only 169 confirmed COVID-19 cases in the Rohingya refugee camps. The average basic reproduction number (R0) has been estimated to be 0.7563. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that, due to the extensive precautions from the Bangladesh government and other humanitarian organizations, the coronavirus disease will be under control if the maintenance continues like this. However, detailed and pragmatic preparedness should be adopted for the worst scenario

Impact of Intensive Handwashing Promotion on Secondary Household Influenza-Like Illness in Rural Bangladesh: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial

<div><p>Rationale</p><p>There is little evidence for the efficacy of handwashing for prevention of influenza transmission in resource-poor settings. We tested the impact of intensive handwashing promotion on household transmission of influenza-like illness and influenza in rural Bangladesh.</p><p>Methods</p><p>In 2009–10, we identified index case-patients with influenza-like illness (fever with cough or sore throat) who were the only symptomatic person in their household. Household compounds of index case-patients were randomized to control or intervention (soap and daily handwashing promotion). We conducted daily surveillance and collected oropharyngeal specimens. Secondary attack ratios (SAR) were calculated for influenza and ILI in each arm. Among controls, we investigated individual risk factors for ILI among household contacts of index case-patients.</p><p>Results</p><p>Among 377 index case-patients, the mean number of days between fever onset and study enrollment was 2.1 (SD 1.7) among the 184 controls and 2.6 (SD 2.9) among 193 intervention case-patients. Influenza infection was confirmed in 20% of controls and 12% of intervention index case-patients. The SAR for influenza-like illness among household contacts was 9.5% among intervention (158/1661) and 7.7% among control households (115/1498) (SAR ratio 1.24, 95% CI 0.92–1.65). The SAR ratio for influenza was 2.40 (95% CI 0.68–8.47). In the control arm, susceptible contacts <2 years old (RR_adj 5.51, 95% CI 3.43–8.85), those living with an index case-patient enrolled ≤24 hours after symptom onset (RR_adj 1.91, 95% CI 1.18–3.10), and those who reported multiple daily interactions with the index case-patient (RR_adj 1.94, 95% CI 1.71–3.26) were at increased risk of influenza-like illness.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>Handwashing promotion initiated after illness onset in a household member did not protect against influenza-like illness or influenza. Behavior may not have changed rapidly enough to curb transmission between household members. A reactive approach to reduce household influenza transmission through handwashing promotion may be ineffective in the context of rural Bangladesh.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00880659?term=NCT00880659&rank=1" target="_blank">NCT00880659</a></p></div

Impact of intensive handwashing promotion on secondary attack risks (SAR) of influenza-like illness, and influenza, among household compound members of index case-patients, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010.

<p>*All susceptible contacts in both index case-patient and secondary households included.</p><p>**Confidence intervals and P-values generated using log binomial regression model with generalized estimating equations to estimate significance of ratio of secondary attack risks in treatment arms.</p><p>Impact of intensive handwashing promotion on secondary attack risks (SAR) of influenza-like illness, and influenza, among household compound members of index case-patients, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010.</p

Multivariable analysis of impact of intensive handwashing promotion on secondary attack risks (SAR) of influenza-like illness, and influenza, among household compound members of index case-patients, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010.

<p>Multivariable analysis of impact of intensive handwashing promotion on secondary attack risks (SAR) of influenza-like illness, and influenza, among household compound members of index case-patients, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010.</p

Baseline characteristics of index case-patients, household compounds, and household members, by treatment arm, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010.

<p>*Data not collected for 67 children, all of whom were under 5 years old and enrolled in 2009.</p><p>**Only queried in 2010; denominators were 934 for intervention arm and 890 for control arm.</p><p>***Only reported for members of index case-patient household; denominators were 863 in the intervention arm and 727 in the control group.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of index case-patients, household compounds, and household members, by treatment arm, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010.</p

Flow diagram to describe screening, inclusion, exclusion, and randomization, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010.

<p>Flow diagram to describe screening, inclusion, exclusion, and randomization, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010.</p

Individual-level risk factors for secondary transmission of influenza-like illness among susceptible household members in the control arm, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010 (N = 1498).

<p>¹ Attack rates for influenza-like illness calculated for susceptible members in the control arm who were exposed and unexposed to each characteristic at baseline. Attack rate ratios and confidence intervals generated using log binomial regression models, with generalized estimating equations to account for clustering among household members.</p><p>^<b>2</b>Analysis restricted to household members of index case-patients > 5 years old.</p><p>^<b>3</b>Information missing for 295 household members.</p><p>^<b>4</b>Only queried in 2010.</p><p>^<b>5</b>Only reported for members of index case-patient household.</p><p># multivariable model includes the following variables: contact < 2 years old (or contact < 5 years old); Index case-patient with fever onset 24 hours prior to enrollment; and contact interacts multiple times daily with index case-patient.</p><p>Individual-level risk factors for secondary transmission of influenza-like illness among susceptible household members in the control arm, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh, 2009–2010 (N = 1498).</p