The Economic Drivers of Human Trafficking: Micro-Evidence from Five Eastern European Countries..

Human trafficking is a humanitarian problem of global scale, but quantitative research on the issue barely exists. This paper is a first attempt to explore the economic drivers of human trafficking and migrant exploitation using micro data. We argue that migration pressure combined with informal migration patterns and incomplete information are the key determinants of human trafficking. To test our argument, we use a unique new dataset of 5513 households from Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. The main result is in line with our expectations: Migrant families in high-migration areas and with larger migrant networks are much more likely to have a trafficked victim among their members. Our results also indicate that illegal migration increases trafficking risks and that awareness campaigns and a reduction of information asymmetries might be an effective strategy to reduce the crime.Human Trafficking; Migrant Exploitation; Illegal Migration; Migration Networks; Eastern Europe;

Does AIDS-Related Mortality Reduce Per-Capita Household Income? Evidence from Rural Zambia.

This paper evaluates the effect of AIDS-related mortality on per-capita incomes of surviving household members, using a large nationally representative sample of rural households from Zambia. To minimize selection bias that may arise because AIDS is likely to be the endogenous outcome of individual behavior, we employ a difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimator. We find that the death of a prime-age member has no significant impact on per-capita household income. This result continues to hold when we control for spillover effects by excluding households from the control group if members departed or joined for reasons related to AIDS. A likely explanation for this finding is that surviving household members pursue a mix of income and demographic coping strategies that prevents income losses in the short to medium run.

Practical Provably Secure Multi-node Communication

We present a practical and provably-secure multimode communication scheme in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. The scheme is based on a random scheduling approach that hides the identity of the transmitter from the eavesdropper. This random scheduling leads to ambiguity at the eavesdropper with regard to the origin of the transmitted frame. We present the details of the technique and analyze it to quantify the secrecy-fairness-overhead trade-off. Implementation of the scheme over Crossbow Telosb motes, equipped with CC2420 radio chips, shows that the scheme can achieve significant secrecy gain with vanishing outage probability. In addition, it has significant overhead advantage over direct extensions to two-nodes schemes. The technique also has the advantage of allowing inactive nodes to leverage sleep mode to further save energy.Comment: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC 2014

Optical studies of growth and etch features on some crystal faces

The work consists of optical and interferometric studies of growth, slip, and etch phenomena on diamond octahedral faces. For this study special experimental techniques have been developed. These comprise: (a) Thin film technique tor high magnification topographical studies. (b) Micro-flat for the study of rough surfaces. The study includes (1) Evaluation of inter-facial angles of growth hillocks and trigone, so familiar on diamond surfaces. This is carried out by means of multiple beam interferometry, the method competing with goniometry. A similar procedure is adopted to the etch pit. (2) Cylindrical curvature is discussed and values are obtained for both hillocks and vicinal faces. Trigons are similarly treated, but they are included in another study of a statistical nature (depth versus size). (3) A theory is developed to account for the existence of trigone. This is first presented as a speculation but is later supported by facts. (4) Slip has been substantiated to exist in diamond. This has been discovered and studied by means developed in this thesis. The slip plane has been identified as the (111) plane. An opacity has been observed (intimately connected with the slip) which has bean duly interpreted. (5) By artificially etching diamond at a much lower temperature than is usually adopted, etch pits have been observed to be spirally connected. The spirals are oriented in conformity with the crystal symmetry. The susceptibility of the shape and size of the etch pit to the etching temperature has been investigated, also the distribution of depth amongst the etch pits. (6) The temperature at which the diamond has formed is calculated, and a procedure to be adopted for the complete confirmation is outlined.<p

Identifying the Motives of Migrant Philanthropy

Donations by migrants to community projects in their home countries ("collective remittances") help to provide local public goods and may promote economic development. We draw on the literatures on migrant remittances and on philanthropy in general to identify possible motives for collective remittances

Orphanhood and Critical Periods in Children's Human Capital Formation: Long-Run Evidence from North-Western Tanzania

Losing a parent is a trauma that has consequences for human capital formation. Does it matter at what age this trauma occurs? Using longitudinal data from the Kagera region in Tanzania that span thirteen years from 1991-2004, we find considerable impact heterogeneity across age at bereavement, but less so for the death of opposite-sex parents. In terms of long-term health status as measured by body height, children who lose their same-sex parent before teenage years are hit hardest. Regarding years of formal education attained in young adulthood, boys whose fathers die before adolescence suffer the most. Maternal bereavement does not fit into this pattern as it affects educational attainment of boys and girls in a similar way. The generally strong interaction between age at parental death and sex of the late parent suggests that the preferences of the surviving parent partly protect same-sex children from orphanhoods detrimental effects on human capital accumulation. --orphans,health,education,timing of parental death,child development,HIV/AIDS

International Criminal Judiciary Decisions: Is It A Source of International Criminal Law?

The Sources of international criminal law are very important because they drive us to international and revelation of criminal texts, and because they are related to the principle of legality. In addition, international criminal judiciary decisions played significant part in development of this law, in spite of legal controversy over consideration of those decisions as source of international criminal law, particularly because Rome Statutes of International Criminal Court didn’t refer to consideration of those decisions as a source that International Criminal Court can reference. Keywords: International Criminal Court, International Criminal Law, International Judiciary Decisions. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/86-11 Publication date:June 30th 201

Measuring at high sensitivity by nuclear imaging the permeation of ultrasmall nanoparticles across polymeric and biological membranes

L'objectif de ce projet est de développer une nouvelle technique basée sur l'imagerie nucléaire pour mesurer à haute sensibilité et en temps réel la perméation de substances (molécules ou nanoparticules) à travers des polymères et des membranes biologiques. Les gants de polymère sont utilisés comme équipements de protection individuelle dans de nombreux domaines d'activité professionnelle où les risques chimiques sont présents. L'efficacité des gants à bloquer le passage de certaines substances est mesurée par des dispositifs dédiés appelés cellules de diffusion (DFC). Ces dispositifs sont constitués d'un compartiment donneur (DC) et d'un compartiment accepteur (AC), séparés par une membrane. Habituellement, la perméation des substances à travers les membranes est mesurée en prélevant des échantillons dans l'AC à différents moments, afin de révéler les profils de perméation à partir desquels les paramètres clés de perméation peuvent être extraits. Cependant, lorsqu'il faut mesurer le passage de faibles concentrations de composés potentiellement toxiques (par exemple, des pesticides ou des agents de chimiothérapie), ou de nanoparticules (NPs), les limites de détection des techniques analytiques actuelles sont généralement insuffisantes pour révéler leur profil de perméation avec précision. Il est donc difficile d'extraire les paramètres de perméation tels que le temps de latence, l'influx et les coefficients de diffusion. Afin de mesurer de manière précise et quantitative les paramètres cinétiques décrivant le passage de substances (molécules ou NPs) à travers des membranes polymériques et des membranes biologiques, il est nécessaire de développer une DFC utilisant un mode de détection avec un très haut degré de sensibilité et permettant des mesures en continu. Dans ce projet de recherche, une nouvelle technologie a été développée sous la forme d'une DFC adaptée à l'imagerie nucléaire. La tomographie par émission de positrons (TEP) permet la détection de molécules et de NPs avec un degré de sensibilité bien supérieur aux méthodes spectroscopiques et spectrométriques habituellement employées pour la détection des processus de perméation. Des études de diffusion des petites molécules radiomarquées à travers des membranes de dialyse ont d'abord été réalisées, afin de prouver le concept de cette nouvelle technologie. Ensuite, la perméation de NPs radiomarquées à travers des gants et des membranes biologiques a été évaluée. Les nanoparticules d'or (AuNPS) ont été utilisées comme type de contaminant car ce type de produit, de plus en plus utilisé en médecine, est particulièrement difficile à détecter par les techniques de mesure habituelles dans les tests de perméation. Les données acquises au cours de ces études ont permis de mettre en évidence des profils de perméation de NPs avec une très haute résolution temporelle, et une sensibilité de détection permettant de calculer tous les principaux paramètres décrivant la perméation des contaminants à travers les membranes (coefficient de diffusion, temps de latence, taux de perméation, etc). Cette technologie pourrait être utilisée pour évaluer la diffusion de matières dangereuses à travers les gants utilisés comme équipement de protection. La diffusion d'ingrédients actifs à partir de formulations topiques, buccales et ophtalmiques, ainsi que la diffusion de produits cosmétiques appliqués sur la peau, pourront aussi être étudiées.The objective of this project is to develop a new measurement technique based on nuclear imaging, to measure at high sensitivity and in real-time, the permeation of substances (molecules or nanoparticles) through polymers and biological membranes. Polymer gloves are used as personal protective equipment in many areas of professional activity where chemical risks are present. The effectiveness of polymers in blocking the passage of certain substances is measured by dedicated devices known as diffusion cells (DFC). These devices are made of a donor (DC) and an acceptor (AC) compartment, separated by a membrane. Usually, the permeation of substances across membranes is measured by sampling from the AC at different time points, to reveal permeation profiles from which key permeation parameters can be extracted. However, for measuring the passage of low concentration of potentially toxic compounds (e.g. pesticides or chemotherapy agents), or nanoparticles (NPs), the detection limits of current analytical techniques are generally insufficient to reveal their permeation profile accurately. Thus, itis hard to extract permeation parameters as the lag time, the influx, and diffusion coefficients. In order to accurately and quantitatively measure the kinetic parameters describing the passage of substances (molecules or NPs) through polymeric and biological membranes, it is necessary to develop DFCs using a high sensitivity detection modality that allows continuous measurements. In this research project, a new technology was developed in the form of a DFC adapted to nuclear imaging. Nuclear imaging such as positron emission tomography (PET) allows the detection of molecules and NPs with a degree of sensitivity far superior to the spectroscopic and spectrometric methods usually employed for the detection of permeation processes. Diffusion studies of small molecular weight radiolabeled molecules across dialysis membranes was first performed, to prove the concept of this novel technology. Then, the permeation of radiolabeled NPs through gloves and biological membranes was evaluated. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as a type of contaminant because they are increasingly used in medicine and because it is particularly difficult to detect them by the usual measurement techniques in permeation tests. The data acquired during these studies allowed to reveal NP permeation profiles with a very high temporal resolution, at a detection sensitivity allowing to calculate all the main parameters describing the permeation of contaminants through membranes (lag time, permeation rate, diffusion coefficient, etc). The technology could be used to assess the diffusion of hazardous materials through gloves used as protective gear, as well as the diffusion of active ingredients and NPs from topical, buccal and ophthalmic drug formulations, as well as the diffusion of cosmetic products applied to the skin

Leading order CFT analysis of multi-scalar theories in d>2

We investigate multi-field multicritical scalar theories using CFT constraints on two- and three-point functions combined with the Schwinger-Dyson equation. This is done in general and without assuming any symmetry for the models, which we just define to admit a Landau-Ginzburg description that includes the most general critical interactions built from monomials of the form $\phi_{i_1} \cdots \phi_{i_m}$. For all such models we analyze to the leading order of the $\epsilon$-expansion the anomalous dimensions of the fields and those of the composite quadratic operators. For models with even $m$ we extend the analysis to an infinite tower of composite operators of arbitrary order. The results are supplemented by the computation of some families of structure constants. We also find the equations which constrain the nontrivial critical theories at leading order and show that they coincide with the ones obtained with functional perturbative RG methods. This is done for the case $m=3$ as well as for all the even models. We ultimately specialize to $S_q$ symmetric models, which are related to the $q$-state Potts universality class, and focus on three realizations appearing below the upper critical dimensions $6$, $4$ and $\frac{10}{3}$, which can thus be nontrivial CFTs in three dimensions.Comment: 58 pages; v2: minor clarifications added, to appear in EPJ

New universality class in three dimensions: The critical Blume-Capel model

We study the Blume-Capel universality class in $d=\frac{10}{3}-\epsilon$ dimensions. The RG flow is extracted by looking at poles in fractional dimension of three loop diagrams using $\overline{\rm MS}$. The theory is the only nontrivial universality class which admits an expansion to three dimensions with $\epsilon=\frac{1}{3}<1$. We compute the relevant scaling exponents and estimate some of the OPE coefficients to the leading order. Our findings agree with and complement CFT results. Finally we discuss a family of nonunitary multicritical models which includes the Lee-Yang and Blume-Capel classes as special cases.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, v2: new title, extended introduction, to appear in PR