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家族看護学が看護の専門領域として確立され発展していくため,今後の研究の方向性を明らかにしたいと,国内外の家族および家族看護学に関する文献の数量的動向と研究領域別文献概観を行った結果,国内外ともに家族,家族の健康,家族援助に関する研究報告は増加傾向にあり,家族への関心の高まりと実践上の必要性が反映されていた。また,わが国では高齢化社会における家族援助の要求が家族看護学の確立を促していること,今後は家族を対象とした評価方法の開発や援助に関する予防的・実践的研究が求められていることが示唆された。The review of the literature on family nursing through numerical trend and research fields was done to know how to establish and develop nursing specialty in this area. The followings were suggested. 1) The researches concerning family, family health, and family practice were increasing in both inside and outside of Japan. 2) ln U. S. A., family nursing was developed in the field of maternal-child and psychiatric nursing, introducing family system theory. In Japan family nursing is rather essential in the field of home care for the aeed, due to aging population. 3) Further researches on development of assessment tool, intervention and social support are necessary, especially by preventive and practical points of view

継承語年少学習者と第二言語学習者 : ロシア語教育の方法

<p>(G1) (Normal control group); (G2) (Ulcer control group); (G3) (Omeprazole); (G4) (62.5 mg/kg), (G5) (125 mg/kg), (G6) (250 mg/kg) and (G7) (500 mg/kg) of <i>V</i>. <i>pubescens</i> extract. HSP70 protein was over-expressed in rats pre-treated with omeprazole or <i>V</i>. <i>pubescens</i> extract (brown color shows over-expression of HSP70 protein) (magnification 20×). There were 6 rats in each group of experiment. The Image J program was used to evaluate protein expression. All values are expressed as the means ± the standard error of mean. The mean difference was significant at the <i>p < 0</i>.<i>05</i> level compared to the cancer control group.</p

Analyses of biochemical parameters of control and hamsters treated with <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extracts, in the presence or absence of cholesterol.

<p>Values are given as mean ± standard error of mean (n = 5). Values not sharing a common superscript letter within the same row differ significantly at <i>p</i><0.01 and ^*<i>p</i><0.05. Group I: standard chow plus distilled water (5 ml/kg body weight); Group II: standard chow plus <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extract (500 mg/kg body weight); Group III: high-cholesterol diet plus distilled water (5 ml/kg body weight) and Group IV: high-cholesterol diet plus <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extract (500 mg/kg body weight).</p

Food consumption, body weight and liver weight of control and hamsters treated with <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extracts, in the presence or absence of cholesterol.

<p>Values are given as mean ± standard error of mean (n = 5). Values not sharing a common superscript letter within the same row differ significantly at <i>p</i><0.01. Group I: standard chow plus distilled water (5 ml/kg body weight); Group II: standard chow plus <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extract (500 mg/kg body weight); Group III: high-cholesterol diet plus distilled water (5 ml/kg body weight) and Group IV: high-cholesterol diet plus <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extract (500 mg/kg body weight).</p

<i>Hepatic</i> antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation in control and hamsters treated with T. indica fruit pulp extracts, in the presence or absence of cholesterol.

<p>Values are given as means ± standard error of mean (n = 5). Values not sharing a common superscript letter within the same row differ significantly at <i>p</i><0.05. Group I: standard chow plus distilled water (5 ml/kg body weight); Group II: standard chow plus <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extract (500 mg/kg body weight); Group III: high-cholesterol diet plus distilled water (5 ml/kg body weight) and Group IV: high-cholesterol diet plus <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extract (500 mg/kg body weight). DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity; ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity; FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power; MDA (malondialdehyde).</p

Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR analysis of selected genes in hamsters.

<p><i>Apo A1</i>, Apolipoprotein A1; <i>Abcg5</i>, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G (WHITE), member 5; <i>Abcg8</i>, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G (WHITE), member 8; <i>Cyp1A1</i>, Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1; <i>Gstm1</i>, Glutathione S-transferase mu 1; <i>Mtp</i>, Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein.</p

Chromatogram of <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp analysed by HPLC.

<p>HPLC analysis was carried out on the hydrolysed sample of <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp using a reversed-phase column (NovaPak C₁₈, 150 x 3.0 mm, inner diameter 4 µm). Separation of polyphenols was achieved using a linear gradient system comprising of acetonitrile in trifluoroacetic acid (pH2.6) as the mobile phase. Absorbance was measured at 260 nm.</p

The effect of ethanolic extract of <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp on the expression of selected hepatic genes in hamster (n = 3).

<p>Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean. Values not sharing a common superscript letter differ significantly at <i>p</i><0.05. Group I: standard chow plus distilled water (5 ml/kg); Group II: standard chow plus 500 mg/kg <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extract; Group III: high-cholesterol diet plus distilled water (5 ml/kg). Group IV: high-cholesterol diet plus 500 mg/kg <i>T. indica</i> fruit pulp extract.</p

Illustrations of the gating strategy employed in the immunophenotyping of B cells, NK cells, and monocytes.

<p>Lymphocytes and monocytes were gated based on forward and side scatter characteristics. B cells were CD3-CD4-CD8-, NK cells were CD3-CD8+, and monocytes were defined as CD3-CD4^dim. All gates were set using respective isotype controls.</p

PD-1 and CTLA-4 expressions on Singlet/FVS 510-/Lymph/CD3-/CD8+ NK cells.

<p>Representative contour plot of <b>(A)</b> PD-1 and CTLA-4 expressions on NK cells of uninfected, OB-infected and OS-infected mice after 60 days of infection. <b>(B)</b> PD-1+ and C) CTLA-4+ percentage of uninfected, OB-infected and OS-infected mice. Data are pooled from two independent experiments (<b>A-C</b>; n = 6 per group). Scatter dot plots show the median value (<b>line</b>), the interquartile range (<b>whiskers</b>). <i>P</i> values calculated using Mann-Whitney U test. *<i>P</i><0.025, **<i>P</i><0.005, ***<i>P</i><0.0005 after Bonferroni correction for 2 comparisons.</p