Fault Localization Models in Debugging

Debugging is considered as a rigorous but important feature of software engineering process. Since more than a decade, the software engineering research community is exploring different techniques for removal of faults from programs but it is quite difficult to overcome all the faults of software programs. Thus, it is still remains as a real challenge for software debugging and maintenance community. In this paper, we briefly introduced software anomalies and faults classification and then explained different fault localization models using theory of diagnosis. Furthermore, we compared and contrasted between value based and dependencies based models in accordance with different real misbehaviours and presented some insight information for the debugging process. Moreover, we discussed the results of both models and manifested the shortcomings as well as advantages of these models in terms of debugging and maintenance.Comment: 58-6

Oral Jellies for Improving Oral Drug Delivery in Dysphagia

For many years, oral solid dosage forms were the most preferred dosage forms for a wide range of population due to their safety, efficacy, stability, cheapness and ease of administration. Swallowing difficulties and bioavailability problems are the main disadvantages for this rout. For this reason, researchers try to develop easier rout of administration such as orodispersible tablet, mucoadhesive, sublingual and oral jelly was developed in an attempt to overcome this restriction. The ultimate purpose for this research is to introduce opportunities of providing the oral jelly as a suitable alternative to the readily available solid dosage forms of the same medicament, representing by that easily swallowed dosage form with improved bioavailabilit

APPLICATION OF THE NEW OROSLIPPERY TECHNOLOGY IN THE PREPARATION OF ENTERIC SLIPPERY COATED TABLET OF NAPROXEN

Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate enteric coated oroslippery tablets (OSTs) of naproxen to overcome the common problems of stomach irritation and swallowing difficulties which accompanied the administration of naproxen tablets.Methods: Different formulas of enteric slippery tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Various parameters were investigated like the effect of eudragit L-100 (eud.) concentration (as an enteric polymer), coating level and effect of different concentrations of croscarmellose sodium CCS (as super disintegrant) on the physical properties. Finally, in an in vitro disintegration and release study was carried out.Results: The enteric slippery optimal formula (F8) was selected to consist of double coat (17.5% eudragit (eud.)) with core tablet containing (6% CCS). It was found that this optimal formula having an acceptable physical property (friability, hardness, thickness and weight variation). Besides, the best acid resistant potential represented by the protection of the OSTs for 2 h in 0.1 N HCl without any sign of disintegration and drug release. Moreover, it was found that (F8) has a disintegration time equal to (8±1.36 min) and release of 80% (20±0.18 min) in phosphate buffer pH 6.8.Conclusion: The result revealed the successful preparation of naproxen tablets using enteric slippery coating that can be easily swallowed and prevent direct irritation of the stomach with acceptable tablet weight

Preparation of Graphene Oxide from Expanded Graphite at Different Microwave Heating Times

Exfoliated graphite (EG)  was prepared by mixing graphite with HNO3 and KMnO4 at weight ratio 1:2:1 using microwave heating at times 20, 60, 80 and 120 sec. Graphene  oxide (GO) was then prepared using EG as precursor by the modified Hummer’s method. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses  showed successful conversion of EG into GO. The XRD results of the GO showed that the maximum interplanar distance (d-spacing) increased from 0.344 to 0.831 nm. The AFM showed a minimum thickness of  0.519 nm for a single layer of GO prepared from EG 80 sec. The XRD examination also showed an increase in the d-spacing between the GO layers after sonication compared to before sonication

PREPARATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF MONTELUKAST SODIUM ORAL NANOEMULSION

Objective: Oral nanoemulsion (NE) represent one of the newest technology to enhance intestinal drug permeability, bioavailability and facilitate swallowing of the oral dosage form. Methods: In this study, montelukast sodium (MS) nanoemulsions (NEs) were formulated by ultra-sonication using different surfactants (tween 20, tween 60 and tween 80) in different surfactant: co-surfactant (ethanol) ratios (Smix). The prepared NEs were evaluated for different parameters including droplet size (DS) using zetasizer as a function of ultra-sonication time, dispersibility, phase separation, conductivity, percent transmittance, optical transparency, in vitro release in addition to morphology using transmission electron microscopic (TEM). Results: The results revealed that F3 was the optimum formula having an average DS 32.95±2.8 nm after 5 min ultra-sonication assured by zetasizer and TEM, furthermore, a clear to bluish NE was formed after aqueous dilution with high conductivity (59.2±1.76 μs/cm) which indicated the formation of O/W NE. In addition, an optically clear NE was formed with (88.6±2.1) % transmittance with no sedimentation, creaming or separation after centrifugation signifying the formation of a stable NE. Finally, F3 showed faster dissolution rate (92.45%±1.66) after 30 min compared to other formulas. Conclusion: The net result of this study is the formulation of a stable oral NE containing MS which presents new easily swallowed dosage form that may enhance drug permeability as well as it may reduce drug metabolism leading to improving bioavailability for asthmatic patients

APPLICATION OF LIQUISOLID TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE THE DISSOLUTION OF CEFIXIME FROM ITS ORAL CAPSULES

Objective: Oral drug delivery is the most desired route for drug administration for its well-known features. Therefore, many attempts were implemented to improve the poor solubility of many active ingredients in order to enhance their dissolution and absorption via the oral route. From these, the liquisolid system is a very promising technology for enhancing solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.Methods: In this research, oral capsules of cefixime were prepared by liquisolid technique after mixing different concentrations of the drug with propylene glycol (non-volatile solvent), followed by their addition to different proportions of microcrystalline cellulose and aerosil i.e. different carrier: coating (R-value). The liquisolid capsules were evaluated for In vitro disintegration and dissolution in addition to content uniformity and weight variations. Furthermore, solubility studies, scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed to the optimum formula. Finally, the release profile of the optimum formula was compared with the marketed cefixime capsules.Results: Liquisolid formula (F3) with 70% cefixime and R-value equals 10 was selected as the optimum formula having higher % release in 45 min (99.5%±0.53) compared to other formulas with faster release rate in the first 20 min than marketed capsules. It had an acceptable disintegration time (25 min±0.76), content uniformity (197.6±0.92) and weight variation (698.04±0.16). Results of solubility study, SEM assured enhancement in solubility and dispersibility of the drug.Conclusion: This research proved that liquisolid system is a promising technology in improving the solubility and dissolution of cefixime from its capsules and hence it may improve its absorption and oral bioavailability

Effect of the thickness on the optical properties of nanostructure CuS thin films

At this work, nanostructure copper sulfide (CuS) thin films at different temperature of substrate and thickness (120,200,750) nm have been acquired by chemical spray pyrolysis method. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements of all films appeared polycrystalline structure and possessed a hexagonal phase with strong crystalline orientation (103) with crystal size equals approximately 80 nm by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The linear optical measurements showed that nanostructure CuS thin films have direct energy gap. The energy gap was decreased with increasing thin films thickness. Nonlinear optical properties experiments were performed using Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser Z-scan system. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (?) were estimated at different thicknesses of nanostructure CuS thin films for different intensities of laser. n2 and ? were decreased with increasing intensity of incident laser beam . Also they were reduced with increasing the nanostructure CuS thin films thicknesses. Also the type of ? were two and three photon absorption , type of n2 were positive nonlinear reflective index and n2 were self-focusing nonlinear refractive index  for all samples

An Overview on the Recent Technologies and Advances in Drug Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

Solubility can be defined as the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at certain conditions to yield a single-phase system. Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients is considered the main parameter to get the most desired drug concentration in general circulation in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Poor aqueous solubility considered the main problem occurs in the formulation progress of new chemical entities; in addition to the standard improvement; solubility is the main dispute for formulation scientists. The drug must appear as solution at the site of absorption in order to be absorbed. Many physical or chemical modification techniques are used to improve the solubility of low aqueous soluble drugs, in addition to other techniques such as particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, use of surfactant and complexation. The selection of the solubility improvement methods depends on drug characteristics, location of absorption and the features of the administered dosage form.

Investigation of the Dowel and Friction Forces in Fiber Reinforced Ultra High Performance Concrete Beams

The phenomenon of dowel action as a shear transfer mechanism across cracks has long been recognized as an important component of the overall shear resistance capacity of reinforced concrete beams. The dowel contribution to shear depends primarily on the tensile resistance of concrete along the splitting plane and the bending resistance of the longitudinal bars. Fiber Reinforced Ultra High Performance Concrete (FRUHPC) is an advanced cementitious material consisting of a dense, high strength matrix containing a large number of evenly embedded steel fibers. Therefore, FRUHPC can be expected to improve dowel and friction resistance to shear. This paper reports the experimental study of the components of shear force applied to FRUHPC beams, especially the effects of friction shear force and dowel action. Six FRUHPC beams (120*150*1500)mm dimensions with and without preformed cracks were made with three volume fractions of fibers: 1% , 1.5% and 2%. The presence of steel fibers enhances the performance of shear transfer mechanisms by friction or interface shear along the diagonal crack surface. Thus the contribution of this mechanism to the total shear strength carried by the beam was around 36.4% for FRUHPC beam with 2% fibers content. In the absence of friction or interface shear along the diagonal crack surface mechanism (preformed cracks beams) dowel action was the predominate contributor. However, the contribution of this mechanism to the total shear strength carried by the beam was around 45.4% for HPRPC beam with 2% fibers content. Also, an expression for evaluating the dowel force is presented in this research. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was (0.835)