Effective Rheology of Bubbles Moving in a Capillary Tube

We calculate the average volumetric flux versus pressure drop of bubbles moving in a single capillary tube with varying diameter, finding a square-root relation from mapping the flow equations onto that of a driven overdamped pendulum. The calculation is based on a derivation of the equation of motion of a bubble train from considering the capillary forces and the entropy production associated with the viscous flow. We also calculate the configurational probability of the positions of the bubbles.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Discovery and progress in our understanding of the regulated secretory pathway in neuroendocrine cells

In this review we start with a historical perspective beginning with the early morphological work done almost 50 years ago. The importance of these pioneering studies is underscored by our brief summary of the key questions addressed by subsequent research into the mechanism of secretion. We then highlight important advances in our understanding of the formation and maturation of neuroendocrine secretory granules, first using in vitro reconstitution systems, then most recently biochemical approaches, and finally genetic manipulations in vitro and in vivo

The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of malaria is presented here. The first publication examined the DVS from the Americas, with the second covering those species present in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Here we discuss the 19 DVS of the Asian-Pacific region. This region experiences a high diversity of vector species, many occurring sympatrically, which, combined with the occurrence of a high number of species complexes and suspected species complexes, and behavioural plasticity of many of these major vectors, adds a level of entomological complexity not comparable elsewhere globally. To try and untangle the intricacy of the vectors of this region and to increase the effectiveness of vector control interventions, an understanding of the contemporary distribution of each species, combined with a synthesis of the current knowledge of their behaviour and ecology is needed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Expert opinion (EO) range maps, created with the most up-to-date expert knowledge of each DVS distribution, were combined with a contemporary database of occurrence data and a suite of open access, environmental and climatic variables. Using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) modelling method, distribution maps of each DVS were produced. The occurrence data were abstracted from the formal, published literature, plus other relevant sources, resulting in the collation of DVS occurrence at 10116 locations across 31 countries, of which 8853 were successfully geo-referenced and 7430 were resolved to spatial areas that could be included in the BRT model. A detailed summary of the information on the bionomics of each species and species complex is also presented.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This article concludes a project aimed to establish the contemporary global distribution of the DVS of malaria. The three articles produced are intended as a detailed reference for scientists continuing research into the aspects of taxonomy, biology and ecology relevant to species-specific vector control. This research is particularly relevant to help unravel the complicated taxonomic status, ecology and epidemiology of the vectors of the Asia-Pacific region. All the occurrence data, predictive maps and EO-shape files generated during the production of these publications will be made available in the public domain. We hope that this will encourage data sharing to improve future iterations of the distribution maps.</p

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted at the Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar (Odisha) during rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels on stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, Bertoni), grown in rice fallow. The treatments included three irrigation regimes (I1- drip irrigation at 100% PE, I2 at 80% PE and I3 at 60% PE) and three fertility levels (F1 -100%, F2 – 75% and F3 - 50% recommended dose of 110-45-45 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha) with an extra treatment as control having surface irrigation with soil application of fertilizers were tested in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Pooled data of two years showed that drip fertigation improved fresh leaf by 4.9 %, dry leaf by 4.0 % and total biomass yield by 2.04 % over conventional surface irrigation with soil application of fertilizer. Irrigation through drip at 100% PE produced maximum fresh leaf (8.95 t/ha), dry leaf (2.74 t/ha) and total biomass yield (3.44 t/ha). Application of 100% RD (F1) gave highest quantity of fresh leaf (8.21 t/ha), dry leaf (2.53 t/ha) and biomass (33.50 t/ha) compared to 75% RD and 50% RD. Application of irrigation at 100% PE with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer produced 9.13 t of fresh leaf 2.90 t dry leaf and 3.5 t biomass yield per hectare and; improved glycoside contents. However, the magnitudes of N, P and K contents in both soils and plants have also been enhanced with 100% fertilizer application of N, P2O5 and K2O (110:45:45 kg/ha) compared to lower levels.Not Availabl