Internal Migration and Migrants Livelihood Aspects: A Study of the Rural-Out Migrants into the Slums of Chittagong City

In Bangladesh rural-urban migration plays a significant role in rapid urbanisation where urban slums a favourite destination for poor migrants. The study mainly focuses on the analysis of the internal migration and the consequences of rural-urban migration on migrants' livelihood the case of poor migrants of Chittagong city, Bangladesh. The study exposes that predominantly migrants come from different districts of the country. This study analyses the attributes of migrants, motives behind migration, migrants' objective fulfilment and consequences of migration on migrants livelihood based on an assessment of 200 arbitrarily selected migrants' households. The study shows that better-earning opportunities, economic advancement were primitive motives for migration but in most cases, they only ensured their survival. Better living conditions with some civic amenities sometimes enriched their livelihoods which promote internal migration of Bangladesh. Plummeting imbalance and inequality between urban and rural areas be supposed to receive in burning concern to steady the rural-out migration. Keywords: Urbanisation, migrants, livelihood, economic advancement

Fostering Employee Performance: A Literature Review

Human resource is an important and indispensable part of a business organization. Qualified workers ensure greater productivity. Strengthening employee performance ultimately benefits the company. Qualified, skilled, and motivated workforce contributes a lot to achieve the organization's success. Motivation is a key determinant of job performance. If the employees are poorly motivated then there will be excessive staff turnover and negative morale which will increase cost. Therefore, management spends much time to know what exactly stimulates their staff so that resources are not misused. There is a tremendous research on motivation. The researchers have tried to find out what actually stimulates the performance and to what extent. In this paper we have reviewed many literatures on motivation and have found that traditionally it was believed that money or extrinsic reward can boost performance. But in present day money alone cannot stimulate employee behavior. Now employees are more aware of their career development, job enrichment, association with management and empowerment. By ensuring a congenial and harmonious work atmosphere organizations can motivate employees and foster their performance. Copyright © www.iiste.org Keywords: Human resource, motivation, staff turnover, extrinsic reward, job enrichment, empowerment

Effect of estradiol valerate on endometrial thickness in polycystic ovary syndrome having ovulation induction with letrozole

Background: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Letrozole is an orally active aromatase inhibitor and as effective as chlomiphene citrate for induction of ovulation. Estrogen is important in the regeneration and growth of the endometrium prior to ovulation prepare the tissue to respond to progesterone post ovulation in PCOS patients. Aim of the study was to assess the effects of estradiol valerate on endometrial thickness in PCOS having ovulation induction with letrozole. Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted in the department of reproductive endocrinology and infertility, BSMMU, Dhaka, with 1 year duration. A total 80 diagnosed cases of PCOS patients with subfertility were included in this study. Among them 40 patients received letrozole and estradiol valerate and 40 patients received letrozole and placebo. Results: On day 8, mean endometrial thickness was not statistically significant between two groups (p=0.436). On day of triggering, mean endometrial thickness was significantly higher in intervention group 9.2±1.4 mm than control group 8.2±1.4 mm (p=0.004). Mean changes of endometrial thickness on day of triggering compared with on day 8 was significantly higher in intervention group 3.2±1.5 mm than control group 2.5±1.6 mm (p=0.043). Pregnancy rate was higher in intervention group 13 (38.2%) than control group 8 (22.2%) with relative risk 1.72, 95% CI (0.82-3.63%), that was not statistically significant between two groups (p=0.144). Conclusions: Mean changes of endometrial thickness on day of triggering were significantly higher in intervention group than control group. The pregnancy rate achieved with letrozole+estradiol valerate combination was higher than that achieved with letrozole and placebo group

Quality of life of infertile women as measured by WHOQOL-BREF in Bangladesh

Background: Quality of life (QoL) is lower in infertile women. Fertility expectations are as variable as social norms and culture and so is QoL. We expect to explore the QoL of infertile couple in a traditional society like that of Bangladesh.Methods: We measured the quality of the life of 88 infertile women attending the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, with WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, covering physical, psychological, social and environmental domains. The scores were calculated in the range of 4-20 and 0-100. Results: When we calculated in the range of 0-100, infertile women had mean score of 61.12 in physical, 54.78 in psychological, 70.36 in social and 58.63 in environmental domains. Nearly half (41.7%) of the women scored at or below 50 in psychological domain compared to 26% in physical, 14.6% in social and 28.1% in environmental domain.Conclusions: The QoL of infertile women as measured by WHOQOL-BREF has moderate scores. The women are disadvantaged in psychological domain compared to physical, social or environmental aspects. So, they need more psychological support during treatment

Academic Use of Smartphones in Secondary Level Education in Bangladesh: A Non-Parametric Approach

This study aims to examine the use of smartphones for educational purposes and the acceptance of online learning among secondary students. To investigate the academic utilization of smartphones among secondary students in Bangladesh, a sample of 384 students from different districts of Bangladesh were surveyed. The survey was conducted using a selfadministered, semi-tailored computerized questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 26 and the Mann-Whitney U test. The findings indicate that male students used smartphones for educational purposes with greater confidence and less difficulty than female students. On the other hand, students in 8th to 10th grade classrooms reported a greater willingness to use smartphones for academic purposes, with urban students being more enthusiastic than their rural peers. The study’s findings have implications for the government, policymakers, educators, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). They highlight the importance of ensuring equal access to resources and tools that support academic success, as well as addressing the adverse effects of excessive smartphone usage. In addition, the government and NGOs should prioritize the elimination of inequities between rural and urban areas and provide subsidies to rural students

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the education of medical, dental and non-medical healthcare professionals in Bangladesh : findings and connotation

Lockdown measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic had an appreciable impact on the education of all medical, dental, and non-medical healthcare professional (HCP) students. These included the closure of universities necessitating a rapid move to e-learning and new approaches to practical’s. However initially, there was a lack of knowledge and expertise regarding e-learning approaches and the affordability of internet bundles and equipment. We initially con-ducted two pilot studies to assess such current challenges, replaced by a two-stage approach including a full investigation involving 32 private and public universities during the early stages of the pandemic followed by a later study assessing the current environment brought about by the forced changes. Top challenges at the start of the pandemic included a lack of familiarity with e-learning approaches, cost of the internet, lack of IT equipment and the quality of the classes. Universities offered support to staff and students to a varying degree to address identified challenges. Since then, e-learning approaches have widened the possibilities for teaching and learning at convenient times. However, challenges remain. In conclusion, there were considerable challenges at the start of them pandemic. Several key issues have been addressed with hybrid learning here to stay. Remaining challenges include a lack of ICT equipment. However, new innovations will continue

New advances in the pharmacotherapy of multiple sclerosis

During the past 10 years there has been developed many different new therapy strategies for treatment of multiple sclerosis. These therapies have been shown increased efficacy compared to previous ones. Several of these new compounds target the inflammatory stage of the disorder by influencing the immune system in different ways. Meanwhile these new drugs are beneficial; it is still challenging to discover therapies for patients suffering from progressive multiple sclerosis. We discuss the present disease modifying-therapies and the new emerging drugs that is used to fight against multiple sclerosis and their mechanism of action.egységes, osztatlanáltalános orvosango

Fouling and Mitigation Behavior of Foulants on Ion Exchange Membranes with Surface Property in Reverse Electrodialysis

In this study, two different types of ion exchange membranes are used to investigate the tendency of membrane fouling with respect to surface roughness and hydrophilicity. Commercially available membranes reinforced by electrospun nanofiber have rough and hydrophilic surfaces, and lab-made pore-filling membranes exhibit a smooth and hydrophobic surface. Three different organic surfactants (i.e., cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants) are chosen as foulants with similar molecular weights. It is confirmed that membrane fouling by electrical attraction mainly occurs, in which anionic and cationic foulants influence anion and cation exchange membranes, respectively. Thus, less fouling is obtained on both membranes for the non-charged foulant. The membranes with a rough surface show a higher fouling tendency than those with a smooth surface in the short-term continuous fouling tests. However, during the cyclic operations of fouling and mitigation of the commercially available membranes, the irregularities of a rough membrane surface cause a rapid increase in electrical resistance from the beginning of fouling due to excessive adsorption on the surface, but the fouling is easily mitigated due to the hydrophilic surface. On the other hand, the membranes with a smooth surface show alleviated fouling from the beginning of fouling, but the irreversible fouling occurs as foulants accumulate on the hydrophobic surface which causes membrane fouling to be favorable

Fouling and Mitigation Behavior of Foulants on Ion Exchange Membranes with Surface Property in Reverse Electrodialysis

In this study, two different types of ion exchange membranes are used to investigate the tendency of membrane fouling with respect to surface roughness and hydrophilicity. Commercially available membranes reinforced by electrospun nanofiber have rough and hydrophilic surfaces, and lab-made pore-filling membranes exhibit a smooth and hydrophobic surface. Three different organic surfactants (i.e., cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants) are chosen as foulants with similar molecular weights. It is confirmed that membrane fouling by electrical attraction mainly occurs, in which anionic and cationic foulants influence anion and cation exchange membranes, respectively. Thus, less fouling is obtained on both membranes for the non-charged foulant. The membranes with a rough surface show a higher fouling tendency than those with a smooth surface in the short-term continuous fouling tests. However, during the cyclic operations of fouling and mitigation of the commercially available membranes, the irregularities of a rough membrane surface cause a rapid increase in electrical resistance from the beginning of fouling due to excessive adsorption on the surface, but the fouling is easily mitigated due to the hydrophilic surface. On the other hand, the membranes with a smooth surface show alleviated fouling from the beginning of fouling, but the irreversible fouling occurs as foulants accumulate on the hydrophobic surface which causes membrane fouling to be favorable