16 research outputs found

    HPMC Matrix Granule Formation: Selection of Suitable Granulating Fluid

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    Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate and select the suitable granulating fluid for the matrix granules consisting of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).Method: Viscosity of the granulating fluids containing HPMC in different solvents was determined. The matrix granules obtained from mixing the granulating fluid with propranolol HCl, HPMC and lactose were assessed for bulk density, particle size distribution, flowability and friability. SEM, DSC, powder x-ray diffraction and drug dissolution studies were conducted to characterize the physical properties of the granules.Results: Type of granulating liquid affected the granule properties. The utilization of isopropyl alcohol as a granulating liquid and subsequently adding with water was a suitable system for agglomeration of powders. Good physical properties were obtained for the granule prepared by using this granulating fluid.Conclusion: Type of solvent and amount of water played an important role for physical properties of HPMC in the formation of the matrix granule due to the hydrophilicity and gel formation of this polymer. The use of isopropyl alcohol as granulating liquid and subsequently adding with water was a suitable process in producing the matrix granules consisting of HPMC.Keywords: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, matrix granule, granulating flui

    Non-aqueous Emulsion for Pharmaceutical Applications: Part 2 The Development and Pharmaceutical Applications

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ­āļ™āļļāļ āļēāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĒāļ”āļ­āļīāļĄāļąāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ™āļ·āļ” āļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļœāļīāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ§āļīāļāļĪāļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļĄāđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļģāļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļīāļĄāļąāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš āđāļĄāđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļīāļĄāļąāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļēāļ—āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļļāļ“āļŦāļžāļĨāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļīāļĄāļąāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļĄāļąāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļœāļīāļ§āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļžāđ„āļ—āļ”āđŒÂ  āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļķāļāļ›āļĢāļīāļ—āļąāļ™āļ•āđŒ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ”āļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒāļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡Â  āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāđƒāļ™āđāļ„āļ›āļ‹āļđāļĨāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļąāļ§āļžāļēāļ­āļ™āļļāļ āļēāļ„āđāļĄāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ­āļīāļĄāļąāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ­āļīāļĄāļąāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš, āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē, āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄAbstract The particle size of droplet, viscosity, physical properties of interface and critical micelle concentration could affect the formulation of a stabile non-aqueous emulsion. However, with the attractive features of a non-aqueous emulsion system, a challenge remains for thermodynamically stable non-aqueous emulsions for further development to be applied in the pharmaceutical field. Non-aqueous emulsions have been used for oral and topical drug delivery, protein and peptide drug delivery, periodontal pocket delivery, controlled drug delivery and cosmetic application. These systems also have been filled in capsule or used as carrier for magnetite nanoparticles and prepared as the multiple emulsion. Keywords: non-aqueous emulsion, development, pharmaceutical application

    Doxycycline and Metronidazole Exhibit a Synergistic Antibacterial Activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļē āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‰āļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļīāļĐ āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĨāļ‡ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāļ„āļđāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‡āļ­āļāļ‹āļĩāđ„āļ‹āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āđ„āļŪāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ•, āļ‹āļīāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļŸāļĨāđ‡āļ­āļāļ‹āļēāļ‹āļīāļ™ āđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ„āļĨāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ, āđ€āļĄāđ‚āļ—āļĢāļ™āļīāļ”āļēāđ‚āļ‹āļĨ āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ­āļ­āļāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ”āđ‡āļ­āļāļ‹āļĩāđ„āļ‹āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āđ„āļŪāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ•, āļ‹āļīāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļŸāļĨāđ‡āļ­āļāļ‹āļēāļ‹āļīāļ™ āđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ„āļĨāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ, āđ€āļĄāđ‚āļ—āļĢāļ™āļīāļ”āļēāđ‚āļ‹āļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļđāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļ‹āļīāđ€āļˆāļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ Staphylococcus aureus āļāļąāļš Escherichia coli āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļ‹āļīāđ€āļˆāļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ Streptococcus mutans āđāļĨāļ° Porphyromonas gingivalis āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāļ„āļđāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‡āļ­āļāļ‹āļĩāđ„āļ‹āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āđ„āļŪāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ•āļāļąāļšāđ€āļĄāđ‚āļ—āļĢāļ™āļīāļ”āļēāđ‚āļ‹āļĨāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļšāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒ Porphyromonas gingivalis āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļē fractional inhibitory concentration (FICI) āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļš 0.4 āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļĒāļēāļ„āļđāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‡āļ­āļāļ‹āļĩāđ„āļ‹āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āđ„āļŪāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ•āļāļąāļšāđ€āļĄāđ‚āļ—āļĢāļ™āļīāļ”āļēāđ‚āļ‹āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļšāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒ Porphyromonas gingivalis āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ„āļđāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ›āļĢāļīāļ—āļąāļ™āļ•āđŒāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļš āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ”āđ‡āļ­āļāļ‹āļĩāđ„āļ‹āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™, āđ€āļĄāđ‚āļ—āļĢāļ™āļīāļ”āļēāđ‚āļ‹āļĨ, āļžāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ„āļŸāđ‚āļĢāđ‚āļĄāđāļ™āļŠ āļˆāļīāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ§āļēāļĨāļīāļŠ, āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°   Abstract Objective: Administration of antibiotics is not without limitations. Certain drawbacks include adverse drug reactions, drug allergies and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To this end, antibiotic combinations with synergistic antimicrobial effects are sought after to establish combinations which exhibit an increased antimicrobial activity, decreased toxicity and lowered chance of antibiotic resistance development. This study aimed to test a synergistic antibacterial activity against selected pathogens of the combination of selected drugs, i.e. doxycycline hyclate, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and metronidazole. Methods: Antibacterial activity of doxycycline hyclate, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, metronidazole and their combinations against aerobic microbes (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and anaerobic microbes (Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) were evaluated using checkerboard method. Results: Our result indicated that doxycycline hyclate-metronidazole combination exhibited synergistic antimicrobial activity (fractional inhibitory concentration; FICI = 0.4) against the anaerobic pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Conclusion: Doxycycline hyclate-metronidazole combination exhibited synergistic antimicrobial activity Porphyromonas gingivalis. This synergistic activity may be exploited in the management of periodontitis. Keywords: doxycycline, metronidazole, Porphyromonas gingivalis, antibiotics synerg

    āđ€āļˆāļĨāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļ­āļĒāļ”āļ­āļĨāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ™āđ‰āļģ āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāļĒāļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļēāđ‚āļĨāļ™āļ­āļĨāđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ„āļĨāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ”āļ‹āļēāļĨāļīāđ„āļ‹āļĨāļīāļ Propranolol HCl and Salicylic Acid-loaded Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloidal Silicon Dioxide Anhydrous Gels

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļˆāļĨāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļ­āļĒāļ”āļ­āļĨāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ™āđ‰āļģ (āļ„āļ·āļ­ AerosilÂŪ 200) āđāļĨāļ° āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ™āđ‰āļģ (āļ„āļ·āļ­ AerosilÂŪ R972) āđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļžāļ­āļĨāļīāđ€āļ­āļ˜āļīāļĨāļĩāļ™āđ„āļāļĨāļ„āļ­āļĨāļŠāļĩāđˆāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĄāļąāļ™āđāļĢāđˆ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđ€āļˆāļĨāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ–āļđāļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāļĒāļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļēāđ‚āļĨāļ™āļ­āļĨāđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ„āļĨāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ”āļ‹āļēāļĨāļīāđ„āļ‹āļĨāļīāļ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĒāļēāđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ­āļšāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ™āļ·āļ” āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ”āļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ Franz diffusion cell āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļˆāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļˆāļēāļ AerosilÂŪ 200 āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĄāļąāļ™āđāļĢāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ™āļ·āļ”āļŠāļđāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ”āļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļˆāļĨāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļēāļ§āļ™āļēāļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļ­āļĒāļ”āļ­āļĨāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ­āļšāļ™āđ‰āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļˆāļĨāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ”āļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļē āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ”āļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļˆāļĨāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāļĒāļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļ­āļĒāļ”āļ­āļĨāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āđ€āļˆāļĨāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ™āļ·āļ”āļŠāļđāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ”āļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāļ”āļĩāļĄāļĩāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļœāļīāļ§āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āđ€āļˆāļĨāļ›āļĢāļēāļĻāļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģ, āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļēāđ‚āļ™āļĨāļ­āļĨāđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ„āļĨāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ, āļāļĢāļ”āļ‹āļēāļĨāļīāđ„āļ‹āļĨāļīāļ, āļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļ­āļĒāļ”āļ­āļĨāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒAbstract Objective: To determine the physical properties and the release of propranolol HCl and salicylic acid from both hydrophilic and hydrophobic colloidal silicon dioxide gel formula using different dispersing media including hydrophilic AerosilÂŪ 200 and hydrophobic AerosilÂŪ R972 in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and mineral oil. Method: Propranolol HCl and salicylic acid were incorporated in these anhydrous gels as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and evaluated for their viscosities, drug release using Franz diffusion cell method. Results: A200 gel using mineral oil as dispersing medium was highly viscous. The release of both drugs from the anhydrous gels was prolonged as the amount of colloidal silicon dioxide was increased. The increased hydrophilicity of the gel component resulted in the increment of drug release with drug concentration dependence. Physicochemical characters and drug release manners of drug-loaded anhydrous gels depended on type and amount of colloidal silicon dioxide and dispersing medium.Conclusion: The obtained anhydrous gel with considerable viscosity and high drug release exhibited potential as the transdermal drug delivery. Keywords: anhydrous gel, propranolol HCl, salicylic acid, colloidal silicon dioxid

    Benzoyl Peroxide:Current Status and Its Delivery System

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    Benzoyl peroxide is an organic compound which has been use for various purposes including treatment for acne, Hong Kong foot and chronic ulcers

    Comet Assay of Different Parts of Areca catechu L. Extracts

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    -āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩ

    Antimicrobial Studies of Sonneratia caseolaris Using Different Agar Diffusion Method

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    ABSTRACT Sonneratia caseolaris (cork tree or berembang) is one of the lead plants of mangrove forest that can be generally found in Asia such as Malaysia, Philippines and also Thailand. Cork tree is used in varies of applications including corks or floats for fishing nets, food and medicine. Antioxidant activity of the cork tree extract has been reported previously. The active substances that found in cork tree are phenolic compound such as gallic acid and two flavoniods luteolin and luteolin 7-O-Îē-glycoside. Moreover some previous studies were reported about its antimicrobial activities which are interesting. Three different agar-based assays (spread plate cup diffusion, swab plate cup diffusion and pour plate cup diffusion) were used in this study. The methanolic cork tree seed extract and gallic acid were tested. The results showed that this extract could inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans but could not inhibit Escherichia coli whereas gallic acid showed the activity against only S. aureus. All methods exhibited the results of antimicrobial activity were not different. Subsequently the extracts of the leaves, pneumatophore and different parts of the flower or fruit (stamen, calyx, meat of fruit and seeds) and gallic acid were tested for antibacterial activity using swab plate cub diffusion method against three species (Streptococcus mutans, Propionibacterium acnes and anaerobic bacteria). All tested extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against only P. acnes while gallic acid had the antibacterial activity against S. mutans, P. acnes and anaerobic bacteria
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