17 research outputs found
Understanding mobile network quality and infrastructure with user-side measurements
Measurement collection is a primary step towards analyzing and optimizing performance
of a telecommunication service. With an Mobile Broadband (MBB) network,
the measurement process has not only to track the networkâs Quality of Service (QoS)
features but also to asses a userâs perspective about its service performance. The later
requirement leads to âuser-side measurementsâ which assist in discovery of performance
issues that makes a user of a service unsatisfied and finally switch to another
network.
User-side measurements also serve as first-hand survey of the problem domain. In
this thesis, we exhibit the potential in the measurements collected at network edge by
considering two well-known approaches namely crowdsourced and distributed testbed-based
measurements. Primary focus is on exploiting crowdsourced measurements
while dealing with the challenges associated with it. These challenges consist of differences
in sampling densities at different parts of the region, skewed and non-uniform
measurement layouts, inaccuracy in sampling locations, differences in RSS readings
due to device-diversity and other non-ideal measurement sampling characteristics. In
presence of heterogeneous characteristics of the user-side measurements we propose
how to accurately detect mobile coverage holes, to devise sample selection process
so to generate a reliable radio map with reduced sample cost, and to identify cellular
infrastructure at places where the information is not public. Finally, the thesis unveils
potential of a distributed measurement test-bed in retrieving performance features
from domains including userâs context, service content and network features, and understanding
impact from these features upon the MBB service at the application layer.
By taking web-browsing as a case study, it further presents an objective web-browsing
Quality of Experience (QoE) model
Modeling Variation in Mobile Download Speed in Presence of Missing Samples
A stably fast mobile broadband connectivity is key to customer retention. Mobile networks, however, suffer unpredictability in performance. Analyzing variability in network speed is, therefore, challenging since it tends to exhibit patterns at several time scales.
Additionally, frequently monitoring it over time, is costly. In this article, we analyze speed measurements from 78 stationary probes, spread across Norway. Monitoring was performed thrice per day across the year, to assess performance of the two largest network
operators. Despite being unique, the dataset involves a non-trivial extent of missing data. This study investigates the effect of missing data on the extracted performance patterns. We capture patterns with tensor factorizations, that show that missing data at random has a minimal effect on the identified patterns, and that depending upon the determinism of an operatorâs performance, the acceptable size and structure of missing data varies. Our analysis shows that, for a probe, the difference in speed variation between real and imputed speed values can be around 7% for up to 40% missing data. We also identify that congestion, routine maintenance and sub-optimal network configuration cause high speed variability. These findings can help operators improving their offerings and deciding on optimal
performance monitoring frequency
Evaluating the Cloud-RAN architecture: functional splitting and switched Ethernet Xhaul
The Cloud-RAN architecture is a key enabler to
building future mobile networks in a flexible and cost-efficient way. For instance, switched Ethernet is a prime candidate for mobile transport networks (Xhaul), due to its flexibility, ubiquity, and cost-effectiveness. Understanding its performance under different network configurations would allow concluding about its appeal for Cloud-RAN. On the other hand, evaluating resource
sharing mechanisms is relevant to put in place best solutions to host multiple virtual Base Band Units (vBBUs) into the same compute infrastructure. This paper assesses the feasibility of using a switched Ethernet Xhaul, by instantiating two BBUsusing different functional splits. Moreover, this paper evaluates two mec general purpose server (GPS) hosting vBBUs. Our results point
to a marginal performance degradation caused by the switched Ethernet Xhaul and the NIC sharing mechanisms. Such deviations could be seen from the increase in average and maximum Jitter and RTT results
Assessing the Cloud-RAN in the Linux Kernel: Sharing Computing and Network Resources
Cloud-based Radio Access Network (Cloud-RAN) leverages virtualization to enable the
coexistence of multiple virtual Base Band Units (vBBUs) with collocated workloads on a single
edge computer, aiming for economic and operational efficiency. However, this coexistence can cause
performance degradation in vBBUs due to resource contention. In this paper, we conduct an empirical
analysis of vBBU performance on a Linux RT-Kernel, highlighting the impact of resource sharing with
user-space tasks and Kernel threads. Furthermore, we evaluate CPU management strategies such as
CPU affinity and CPU isolation as potential solutions to these performance challenges. Our results
highlight that the implementation of CPU affinity can significantly reduce throughput variability by
up to 40%, decrease vBBUâs NACK ratios, and reduce vBBU scheduling latency within the Linux
RT-Kernel. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of CPU management strategies
to enhance vBBU performance in Cloud-RAN environments, enabling more efficient and stable
network operations. The paper concludes with a discussion on the efficient realization of Cloud-RAN,
elucidating the benefits of implementing proposed CPU affinity allocations. The demonstrated
enhancements, including reduced scheduling latency and improved end-to-end throughput, affirm
the practicality and efficacy of the proposed strategies for optimizing Cloud-RAN deployments
PRINCIPIA: Opportunistic CPU and CPU-shares Allocation for Containerized Virtualization in Mobile Edge Computing
Leveraging virtualization technology, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) deploys multiple services with different execution time requirements running as isolated processes. For instance, both real-time (RT) and non-RT applications may be (are) running on the same infrastructure using containerized virtualization. Nevertheless, sharing resources (e.g., CPU) with collocated workloads could impact the RT performance of RT applications. This paper presents PRINCIPIA, a dynamic CPU and CPU-shares allocation mechanism that opportunistically enables non-RT applications to run on underutilized CPUs while providing RT guarantees to RT applications. By monitoring MECâs system metrics like processorâs CPU utilization and containerâs CPU usage, PRINCIPIA dynamically allocates both CPU and CPU-shares to containers running non-RT applications aiming at opportunistically exploiting underutilized CPUs by containers running RT applications. We evaluate PRINCIPIA on a small-scale MEC server which uses containerized virtualization along with Linux RT Kernel to deploy both RT and non-RT applications. Our findings show that PRINCIPIA mitigates the impact on the RT performance of RT applications providing bounded processing latency in comparison with the default host Kernel scheduler
Opportunistic CPU Sharing in Mobile Edge Computing Deploying the Cloud-RAN
Leveraging virtualization technology, Cloud-RAN
deploys multiple virtual Base Band Units (vBBUs) along with collocated applications on the same Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) server. However, the performance of real-time (RT) applications such as the vBBU could potentially be impacted by sharing computing resources with collocated workloads. To address this challenge, this paper presents a dynamic CPU sharing mechanism, specifically designed for containerized virtualization in MEC servers, that hosts both RT and non-RT general-purpose applications. Initially, the CPU sharing problem in MEC servers is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP). Then,
we present an algorithmic solution that breaks down the MIP
into simpler subproblems that are then solved using efficient, constant factor heuristics. We assessed the performance of this mechanism against instances of a commercial solver. Further, via
a small-scale testbed, we assessed various CPU sharing mechanisms and their effectiveness in reducing the impact of CPU
sharing indicate that our CPU sharing mechanism reduces the worstcase execution time by more than 150% compared to the default
host RT-Kernel approach. This evidence is strengthened when
evaluating this mechanism within Cloud-RAN, in which vBBUs
share resources with collocated applications on a MEC server.
Using our CPU sharing approach, the vBBUâs scheduling latency
decreases by up to 21% in comparison with the host RT-Kernel
Bottleneck Identification in Cloudified Mobile Networks Based on Distributed Telemetry
Cloudified mobile networks are expected to deliver a
multitude of services with reduced capital and operating expenses.
A characteristic example is 5G networks serving several slices in parallel. Such mobile networks, therefore, need to ensure that the SLAs of customised end-to-end sliced services are met. This requires monitoring the resource usage and characteristics of data flows at the virtualised network core, as well as tracking the performance of the radio interfaces and UEs. A centralised monitoring
architecture can not scale to support millions of UEs though. This paper, proposes a 2-stage distributed telemetry framework in which UEs act as early warning sensors. After UEs flag an anomaly, a ML model is activated, at network controller, to attribute the
cause of the anomaly. The framework achieves 85% F1-score in detecting anomalies caused by different bottlenecks, and an overall 89% F1-score in attributing these bottlenecks. This accuracy of our distributed framework is similar to that of a centralised monitoring system, but with no overhead of transmitting UE-based telemetry data to the centralised controller. The study also finds
that passive in-band network telemetry has the potential to replace active monitoring and can further reduce the overhead of a network monitoring system