Observed data, fitted model (by logistic regression) and 95% confidence interval (shaded area) for the prevalence of the <i>pfcrt</i> 76 mutant isolates from 2000 to 2011 for travellers (red) and field studies (blue) for A-Senegal, B-Mali, C-Cote d’Ivoire and D-Cameroon.

<p>Each data point represents the prevalence of resistant isolates per year for travellers’ data and per study for field studies, where the size of the circle is proportional to the number of isolates in the sample.</p

Summary of the molecular and <i>in vitro</i> field studies in the four endemic countries included in the analysis (both published and unpublished).

<p>Summary of the molecular and <i>in vitro</i> field studies in the four endemic countries included in the analysis (both published and unpublished).</p

Characteristics of travellers with malaria returning from Senegal, Mali, Cote d’Ivoire and Cameroon and reported in France during the period from 2000 to 2011.

<p>Characteristics of travellers with malaria returning from Senegal, Mali, Cote d’Ivoire and Cameroon and reported in France during the period from 2000 to 2011.</p

Observed data, fitted model (by logistic regression) and 95% confidence interval (shaded area) for the prevalence of the <i>pfdhfr</i> 108 mutant isolates from 1996 to 2011 for travellers (red) and field studies (blue) for A-Senegal, B-Mali, C-Cote d’Ivoire and D-Cameroon.

<p>Each data point represents the prevalence of resistant isolates per year for travellers’ data and per study for field studies, where the size of the circle is proportional to the number of isolates in the sample.</p

Observed data, fitted model (by Generalized Linear Model) and 95% confidence interval (shaded area) for the <i>in vitro</i> CQ response (IC₅₀) isolates from 1996 to 2011 for travellers (red) and field studies (blue) from Senegal.

<p>Each data point represents the ln (mean IC₅₀₎ per year for travellers’ data and per study for field studies, where the size of the circle is proportional to the number of isolates in the sample.</p

Map of Africa illustrating the emergence of CQ resistance in East, Central and West Africa detected through travellers’ surveillance from the late 1970s to the early 1980s.

<p>The dates of detection of index cases are displayed. The red arrows show the spread of antimalarial resistance from East Africa to West Africa.</p

Consort 2010 flow diagram

<p>Consort 2010 flow diagram</p

Baseline characteristics

<p>Baseline characteristics</p

Local and systemic adverse event profiles for each vaccination, stratified by severity.

<p>Local and systemic adverse event profiles for each vaccination, stratified by severity.</p

Vaccine immunogenicity.

<p>(A and B). Anti-TRAP IgG titres and IFN-γ ELISpot responses to TRAP peptide pools before and after vaccination. **** p<0.0001, Kruskall-Wallis with Dunn’s post-test; ^^^^ p<0.0001, 2-tailed Mann Whitney test. Lines represent geometric means. (C). Correlation between humoral and cellular immunogenicity for ME-TRAP vaccinees, 2-tailed Pearson’s test, n = 54. (D). Proportion of vaccinees with positive responses to TRAP peptide pools after boosting with MVA. Labels on x-axis refer to peptide pools described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0167951#pone.0167951.s003" target="_blank">S3 Table</a>. E. Epitope mapping of TRAP peptide TT1-10, 11–20 and 21–30 using cryopreserved PBMC. Each colour represents a different volunteer, n = 6. F. Neutralising antibody titres to the ChAd63 vector measured in Senegalese and UK volunteers, 2-tailed Mann-Whitney.</p