Seed Maturation Regulators Are Related to the Control of Seed Dormancy in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In Arabidopsis, the regulation network of the seed maturation program controls the induction of seed dormancy. Wheat EST sequences showing homology with the master regulators of seed maturation, LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), LEC2 and FUSCA3 (FUS3), were searched from databases and designated respectively as TaL1L (LEC1-LIKE), TaL2L (LEC2-LIKE), and TaFUS3. TaL1LA, TaL2LA and TaFUS3 mainly expressed in seeds or embryos, with the expression limited to the early stages of seed development. Results show that tissue-specific and developmental-stage-dependent expressions are similar to those of seed maturation regulators in Arabidopsis. In wheat cultivars, the expression level of TaL1LA is correlated significantly with the germination index (GI) of whole seeds at 40 days after pollination (DAP) (r = -0.83**). Expression levels of TaFUS3 and TaL2LA are significantly correlated respectively with GIs at 40 DAP and 50 DAP, except for dormant cultivars. No correlation was found between the expression level of TaVP1, orthologue of ABA INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), and seed dormancy. DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) was identified as a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the regulation of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis. Its promoter has RY motif, which is a target sequence of LEC2. Significant correlation was found between the expression of TaDOG1 and seed dormancy except for dormant cultivars. These results indicate that TaL1LA, TaL2LA, and TaFUS3 are wheat orthologues of seed maturation regulators. The expressions of these genes affect the level of seed dormancy. Furthermore, the pathways, which involve seed maturation regulators and TaDOG1, are important for regulating seed dormancy in wheat

Transcriptomic analysis of developing seeds in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant RSD32 with reduced seed dormancy

Seed dormancy, a major factor regulating pre-harvest sprouting, can severely hinder wheat cultivation. Reduced Seed Dormancy 32 (RSD32), a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant with reduced seed dormancy, is derived from the pre-harvest sprouting tolerant cultivar, 'Norin61'. RSD32 is regulated by a single recessive gene and mutant phenotype expressed in a seed-specific manner. Gene expressions in embryos of 'Norin61' and RSD32 were compared using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis at different developmental stages of 20, 30, and 40 days after pollination (DAP). Numbers of up-regulated genes in RSD32 are equivalent in all developmental stages. However, down-regulated genes in RSD32 are more numerous on DAP20 and DAP30 than on DAP40. In central components affecting the circadian clock, homologues to the morning-expressed genes are expressed at lower levels in RSD32. However, higher expressions of homologues acting as evening-expressed genes are observed in RSD32. Homologues of Ca2+ signaling pathway related genes are specifically expressed on DAP20 in 'Norin61'. Lower expression is shown in RSD32. These results suggest that RSD32 mutation expresses on DAP20 and earlier seed developmental stages and suggest that circadian clock regulation and Ca2+ signaling pathway are involved in the regulation of wheat seed dormancy

Differential Expression of Three Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase Genes in Grains and Coleoptiles of Wheat

Flavonoid pigments are known to accumulate in red grains and coleoptiles of wheat and are synthesized through the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is a key enzyme at a diverging point of the flavonoid pathway leading to production of different pigments: phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin. We isolated three F3H genes from wheat and examined a relationship between their expression and tissue pigmentation. Three F3Hs are located on the telomeric region of the long arm of chromosomes 2A, 2B, and 2D, respectively, designated as F3H-A1, F3H-B1, and F3H-D1. The telomeric regions of the long arms of the chromosomes of homoeologous group 2 of wheat showed a syntenic relationship to the telomeric region of the long arm of rice chromosome 4, on which rice F3H gene was also located. All three genes were highly activated in the red grains and coleoptiles and appeared to be controlled by flavonoid regulators in each tissue

THE INHERITANCE OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF FIVE WHEAT HYBRID POPULATIONS UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS

The magnitude of genetic inheritance and expected genetic advance are important for the prediction of response to selection in diverse environments and provide the basis for planning and evaluating breeding programs. This work investigated the inheritance of traits related to drought in wheat under natural drought conditions. Cross combinations were made to produce F1 and F2 hybrid populations, which were evaluated in a randomized completed block design with three replications at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Six wheat varieties/lines and six derived F2 hybrids were studied to ascertain heritability and genetic advance for plant height, days taken to maturity, number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield per plant. Data were collected and subjected to statistical genetic analyses. Heritability estimates and expected genetic advance for plant height, days taken to maturity, number of tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant were high for the entire cross combinations while the estimates for spike length and number of grains per spike were relatively low. Our results suggest that improvement for these characters should be faster because of higher heritabilities and greater phenotypic variation. Prospects of genetic improvement for all the characters studied are evident. The most promising cross combinations were WL60 × LU26S and WL61 × LU26S. These traits, therefore, deserve better attention in future breeding programs for evolving better wheat for stress environments.

{6,6′-Dimeth­oxy-2,2′-[o-phenyl­enebis(nitrilo­methyl­idyne)]diphenolato}cobalt(II) dichloro­methane disolvate

The title compound, [Co(C22H18N2O4)]·2CH2Cl2, was isolated from the reaction of N,N′(o-phenyl­ene)bis­(vanillalimine) (H2 L) with Co(SCN)2. The crystal structure contains a CoII ion surrounded by the L 2− ligand in a slightly distorted square-planar fashion. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding contacts between the dichloro­methane solvent mol­ecules and the meth­oxy or carboxyl­ate O atoms are observed in the crystal structure. The planar complex mol­ecules stack through inversion related π–π inter­actions between the six-membered rings of the vanillalimine half ligands. The distance between centroids is 3.498 (2) Å and the perpendicular distance is 3.345 Å. A partial stacking is observed with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.830 (2) Å, a perpendicular distance of 3.350 Å and a slippage of 1.856 Å

Tamyb10-D1 restores red grain color and increases grain dormancy via suppressing expression of TaLTP2.128, non-specific lipid transfer protein in wheat

Grain dormancy of wheat is closely associated with grain color: red-grained lines show higher dormancy than white-grained lines. The production of red pigments is regulated by R-1, Tamyb10 gene. However, the relation between grain color and dormancy remains unknown. For this study, we generated transgenic lines which were introduced a DNA fragment containing Tamyb10-D1 gene and its a 2 kb promoter including the 5′ untranslated region into white-grained wheat. Transgenic lines showed red-grained and higher dormant traits. Contents of plant hormones and gene expression of embryos at 30 days after pollination were examined in a wild type and a transgenic line. No differences were observed in the contents of plant hormones, but several genes are differentially expressed between these lines. One differentially expressed gene, TaLTP2.128, is a member of non-specific lipid transfer proteins. It was expressed higher in white grains than in red grains. A putative amino acid sequence showed similarity to that of OsHyPRP5, which is identified as QTL controlling low-temperature germinability in rice. Expression of TaLTP2.128 was increased by grain imbibition. The increasing levels were higher not only in other white-grained lines, but also in non-dormant red-grained lines. TaLTP2.128 was expressed at a quite early stage of germination. These study findings indicate that Tamyb10 regulates dormancy release by the modification of TaLTP2.128 acting as trigger of germination

{6,6′-Dimeth­oxy-2,2′-[naphthalene-2,3-diylbis(nitrilo­methyl­idyne)]diphenolato}thio­cyanato­cobalt(III) diethyl ether dichloro­methane solvate

In the title complex, [Co(C26H20N2O4)(NCS)]·C4H10O·CH2Cl2, the penta­coordinated CoIII atom exhibits a distorted square-pyramidal geometry with an N,N′,O,O′ tetra­dentate Schiff base ligand in the basal plane and one thio­cyanate ligand at the apical site. The diethyl ether mol­ecule is located in a cavity provided by four O atoms of the ligand with weak C—H⋯O inter­actions, generating two short O⋯O contact distances [2.766 (3) and 2.745 (3) Å] between the diethyl ether mol­ecule and the ligand. The crystal structure is stabilized by the weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N inter­actions and π–π inter­actions between the naphthyl ring system and the benzene ring [centroid–centroid distance = 3.657 (5) Å] and between the two naphthyl ring systems [centroid–centroid distance = 4.305 (2) Å]

駅伝レース中のアクシデントに対する一考察

The purpose of this article was to examine several typesof unexpectd incidents and accidents during Hakone Ekiden (1983,1990) and All Japan University Ekiden (1986) in order to find solutions to prevent them. In these races, the incidents before or during the race as well as prevented accidents were examined. Conclusions were summarized as follows 1) Coaches and runners have to cope with unexpected incidents duing the race. To respond to these incidents effectively, coaches and athletes must take into consideration, runners mental and physical state as well as situation of the race when these incidents take place. It is important that in order to avoid these incidents coaches and runners must have good communcation and that each runners understand the definite objectives of himself and of the team. Also, incidents which occur during the race must be evaluated to find prventive solution for the future race. 2) To avoid incidents before the race, it is important for the coaches to observe and understand well the mental and physical conditions of the runners to give them appropiate training plan. 3) In order to avoid many kinds of unexpected incidents during an Ekiden Race, the coaches have to train the runners to be able to cope with the incidents which are anticipated or when they occur unexpectedly. For this purpose, it is important to consider not only of the physical training but also of developing mental maturity of the runners