Understanding contract documentation

The contractual obligation by any party in any contract will be interpreted by terms and contents of the documents laid down in the contract. Effective interpretation and understanding of the contractual obligations will be much dependent on the clarity of the documents in translating the needs and requirements implied as in the agreement. Without proper understanding of the documents may lead to the different interpretations which may result in unnecessary contractual problems such as disputes, unnecessary claims, reworks, shoddy works, and even litigation. This paper presents the results of the study related to issue of understanding of contract documentation done in Malaysia. The findings presented include the factors that inhibit the understanding of the contract as well as the factors that can help to make the interpretation process much easier. The paper also suggested various factors that can be used to improve the level of understanding of contract document that can be considered in designing the contract document

Clarity and improving level of understanding of contract documentation

The contractual obligation by any party in any contract will be interpreted by terms and contents of the documents laid down in the contract. Effective interpretation and understanding of the contractual obligations will be much dependent on the clarity of the documents in translating the needs and requirements implied as in the agreement. Improper understanding of the documents may lead to the different interpretations that may result in unnecessary contractual problems such as disputes, unnecessary claims, reworks, shoddy works, and even litigation. This paper presents the results of the study related to issue of understanding of construction contract documentation in Malaysia. Also presented are the factors that inhibit understanding of the contract as well as factors that can help to make the interpretation process much easier. Eventually, a proposal of various factors that can be used to improve the level of understanding of contract document is suggested in this pape

Short communication: Towards development of Elaeis guineensis chromosome-arm specific markers and their utility across the elaeis genus

The development of Elaeis guineensis chromosome-arm specific markers is required for linking the genetic, sequence and chromosomal maps, valuable for comparative studies, hybridisation and breeding. Here, we aimed to develop strategies exploiting assembled short shotgun-sequence reads to identify markers for in situ hybridisation to identify arms and large-scale organisation of pseudo-chromosome 1. The conserved putative repetitive DNA sequence found through informatics analysis showed an extra intercalary band in one arm of pseudo-chromosome 1 in fluorescence the in situ hybridisation result. The results are a basis for establishing a North-South orientation of E. guineensis pseudo-chromosome. Furthermore, the ability of the newly developed markers for distinguishing both Elaeis species with in situ hybridisation showed their utility in identifying Elaeis hybrids