Transventrikuläre Trikuspidal-Klappenstent-Implantation: in vivo Evaluation verschiedener Nitinolstent-Prototypen anhand echokardiographischer Parameter im Akutversuch am porcinen Modell

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen neuartigen selbstexpandierenden Trikuspidal-Klappenstent zu entwickeln und diesen anhand transösophageal-echokardiographischer Parameter in vivo zu evaluieren. Erstmals wurde ein Nitinolstent mit einem superabsorbierenden Polymer kombiniert. Hierzu sind sechs verschiedene Trikuspidal-Klappenstent-Prototypen entwickelt worden. Es wurde eine in vivo Akutstudie (6 h) in 24 Schweinen der Deutschen Landrasse gemäß dem Tierschutzgesetz des Landes Schleswig-Holstein und den Richtlinien für Tierschutz der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel durchgeführt. Nach Intubation und Anästhesie erfolgten eine untere Sternotomie und eine kardiochirurgische Präparation. Der Trikuspidal-Klappenstent wurde mittels eines Crimpers in ein 36-French-Applikationssystem gefaltet. Über eine Stichinzision wurde dieses in den rechten Ventrikel eingeführt. Der Stent wurde unter transösophageal-echokardiographischer Kontrolle in die orthotope Position gebracht und anschließend fixiert. Es wurden insgesamt 20 Stents implantiert: Prototypen I-V in zehn Schweinen und Prototyp VI in weiteren zehn Schweinen. In vier Fällen konnte aufgrund von letalem Kammerflimmern prä implantationem keine Intervention erfolgen. Prä implantationem sowie 1 h, 3 h und 6 h post implantationem erfolgte die Evaluation der Prototypen anhand echokardiographischer und hämodynamischer Parameter. Post mortem erfolgte die makroskopische Evaluation. Prototyp VI zeigte während der 6 Stunden post implantationem echokardiographisch eine gute Lage, Morphologie und Funktion. Es kam zu keiner Affektion des Myokards oder des rechtsventrikulären Ausflusstraktes. Die hämodynamische Analyse hat keine veränderten Drücke und ein stabiles Herzzeitvolumen während des gesamten Beobachtungszeitraums gezeigt. Die post mortem Evaluation bestätigte die stabile Lage des Prototyps. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte ein Trikuspidal-Klappenstent zur transventrikulären Implantation etabliert werden. Das Prozedere und die verwendeten Materialien haben sich bewährt. Die optimale Positionierung des Stents, Schonung der Herzstrukturen, Evaluation von Lage und Funktion des Trikuspidal-Klappenstents konnten echokardiographisch sowie in Verbindung mit der hämodynamischen und post mortem Evaluation gewährleistet werden. In einem nächsten Schritt sollten Langzeitstudien erfolgen, um den Trikuspidal-Klappenstent auf seine Dauerfestigkeit zu testen

Prospektives Screening von SLC2A1 bei pädiatrischen Epilepsie-Patienten zur Ermittlung von Häufigkeit und phänotypischem Spektrum der GLUT1-Defizienz

Mutationen des Gens SLC2A1, das den Glukose-Transporter GLUT1 der Blut-Hirn-Schranke kodiert, sind selten. Folge der Veränderungen ist eine zerebrale Glukosedefizienz. Die Kenntnis über das phänotypische Spektrum erweitert sich kontinuierlich. Neben epileptischer Enzephalopathie mit Bewegungsstörung und mentaler Retardierung wurden Mutationen auch bei Patienten beobachtet mit paroxysmaler bewegungsinduzierter Dyskinesie und Anfällen sowie verschiedenen Formen von Absence-Epilepsien. Die frühe Identifikation von Mutationen im SLC2A1-Gen ist von großer Bedeutung, da durch eine ketogene Diät eine spezifische Therapie mit Anfallsfreiheit und Linderung der Bewegungsstörungen zur Verfügung steht. In dieser Studie verfolgten wir das Ziel, die Prävalenz und das phänotypische Spektrum von SLC2A1-Mutationen zu ermitteln. Dazu untersuchten wir zwei Kohorten: 1. pädiatrische Patienten mit neu diagnostizierter Epilepsie, die in unserem neuropädiatrischen Zentrum rekrutiert wurden und 2. eine populationsbasierte Kohorte aus einer definierten Region Norddeutschlands. Das phänotypische Spektrum beider Kohorten umfasste u.a. genetisch generalisierte Epilepsien wie MAE (myoklonisch-astatische Epilepsie) und EOAE (frühkindliche Absence-Epilepsie), idiopathisch fokale Epilepsien, fieber-assoziierte Anfälle, andere epileptische Syndrome und PED (paroxysmale bewegungsinduzierte Dyskinesie). Die kodierenden Regionen von GLUT1 wurden bei insgesamt 262 Patienten nach der Sanger-Methode sequenziert. Dabei wurden keine Mutationen identifiziert. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Mutationen im SLC2A1-Gen bei pädiatrischen Patienten mit verschiedenen epileptischen Syndromen insgesamt selten sind. Ein generelles Screening für das GLUT1-Defizienz-Syndrom ist somit ohne starke klinische Hinweise wie eine zusätzliche Bewegungsstörung oder eine Anfallshäufung bei Nüchternheit nicht zu empfehlen

Minimally Invasive Treatment of a Cervical Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Through Percutaneous Doxycycline-Albumin Foam Injection

We report the case of a 28-year-old male with no medical history presenting with cervical pain over a month. Initial MRI and CT findings showed a lobulated and cystic lesion of the fourth cervical vertebra with thin cortical walls, around 2,2 × 3,5 × 4,2 cm, with blood-fluid levels consistent with an aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) (Fig. 1). The vertebra lacked substantial bone tissue and was considered fracture prone. Multi-centric evaluation revealed a high-risk operation since the right vertebral artery was encased in the lesion and would have to be sacrificed. Transarterial embolization was considered too risky due to the situation of the anterior spinal artery (Fig. 2) and surgical stabilization would be a risky and only palliative option. Percutaneous doxycycline therapy was then considered the best curative option in this case

Ongoing Geometric Remodeling of the Parent Artery After Flow-Diverter Stent Reconstruction in Cerebral Aneurysms: The Device Design Matters

Objective Configuration changes of the parent artery (PA) after flow-diverter (FD) stent reconstruction, caused by the bending force of the device, may have an additional role in aneurysm occlusion as a result of the secondary alteration of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics related to the geometry alteration of the vessel. To determine the degree of PA deformation and aneurysm occlusion rates after deployment of 2 different types of FD. Methods Patients treated with 2 different designs of cobalt-chromium braid (48 and 64 wire braid) structure FD were subject to analysis. Vascular angle changes at the level of the reconstructed segment immediately after FD deployment and at 1 year follow-up were measured and the potential relationship with aneurysmal occlusion rate was analyzed. Results Forty-two patients harboring 48 aneurysms were included in the present study. The aneurysms were divided into side wall (85.4%) and bifurcation types (14.6%). Twenty-six aneurysms were treated using the Pipeline FD (48 wire braid; 54.2%) and 22 using the Evolve FD (64 wire braid; 45.8%). Of the 48 aneurysms, 42 (87.5%) met the primary end point of complete occlusion at 12 months. The median postdeployment angle change was 7.04°± 4.59° for the Pipeline and 5.05°± 2.49° for the Evolve, whereas the median 12 months follow-up angle change was 15.49°± 10.99° and 10.01°± 8.83°, respectively. PA angle changes were significantly higher in the bifurcation group compared with the side wall group both during procedure and at 12 months follow-up. Angle change had a statistically nonsignificant association with complete aneurysm occlusion. Conclusions PA deformation starts immediately after deployment and remodeling continues for 1 year after. Aneurysms located in the vessel bifurcation were more prone to PA straightening after FD deployment than were side wall aneurysms. Furthermore, Pipeline seemed to be more prone to inducing vascular deformation, compared with Evolve

Single antiplatelet regimen in flow diverter treatment of cerebral aneurysms: The drug matters. A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications (TECs) are the main concerns in the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms using flow diverter devices (FDs). The clinical demand for single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) is increasing especially with the development of devices with lower thrombogenicity profile. However, the safety of SAPT is not well established. OBJECTIVE To analyze the safety and efficacy of SAPT in terms of ischemic and hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing FDs treatment for cerebral aneurysms. METHODS A systematic literature search and meta-analysis were conducted in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, and Web of Science from January 2010 until October 2022. Twelve articles which reported SAPT and data on hemorrhagic, TECs, and mortality following FDs treatment were included. RESULTS Overall, the 12 studies involved 237 patients with 295 aneurysms. Five investigated the safety and efficacy of SAPT in 202 unruptured aneurysms. Six studies focused on 57 ruptured aneurysms. One study included both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Among the 237 patients, prasugrel was most often used as SAPT in 168 cases (70.9%), followed by aspirin in 42 (17.7%) patients, and by ticagrelor in 27 (11.4%). Overall, the hemorrhagic complication rate was 0.1% (95% CI 0% to 1.8%). The TEC rate was 7.6% (95% CI 1.7% to 16.1%). In the subgroup analysis, the TEC rates of prasugrel monotherapy of 2.4% (95% CI 0% to 9.3%) and ticagrelor monotherapy of 4.2% (95% CI 0.1% to 21.1%) were lower than of aspirin monotherapy 20.2% (95% CI 5.9% to 38.6%). The overall mortality rate was 1.3% (95% CI 0% to 6.1%). CONCLUSION According to the available data, SAPT regimen in patients undergoing FDs treatment for cerebral aneurysms has an acceptable safety profile, especially with the use of ADP-receptor antagonists

Ultra-High-Resolution Time-of-Flight MR-Angiography for the Noninvasive Assessment of Intracranial Aneurysms, Alternative to Preinterventional DSA?

Purpose The 3D time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 3T shows high sensitivity for intracranial aneurysms but is inferior to three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography (3D-DSA) regarding aneurysm characteristics. We applied an ultra-high-resolution (UHR) TOF-MRA using compressed sensing reconstruction to investigate the diagnostic performance in preinterventional evaluation of intracranial aneurysms compared to conventional TOF-MRA and 3D-DSA. Methods In this study 17 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms were included. Aneurysm dimensions, configuration, image quality and sizing of endovascular devices were compared between conventional TOF-MRA at 3T and UHR-TOF with 3D-DSA as gold standard. Quantitatively, contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) were compared between TOF-MRAs. Results On 3D-DSA, 25 aneurysms in 17 patients were detected. On conventional TOF, 23 aneurysms were detected (sensitivity: 92.6%). On UHR-TOF, 25 aneurysms were detected (sensitivity: 100%). Image quality was not significantly different between TOF and UHR-TOF (p = 0.17). Aneurysm dimension measurements were significantly different between conventional TOF (3.89 mm) and 3D-DSA (4.2 mm, p = 0.08) but not between UHR-TOF (4.12 mm) and 3D-DSA (p = 0.19). Irregularities and small vessels at the aneurysm neck were more frequently correctly depicted on UHR-TOF compared to conventional TOF. Comparison of the planned framing coil diameter and flow-diverter (FD) diameter revealed neither a statistically significant difference between TOF and 3D-DSA (coil p = 0.19, FD p = 0.45) nor between UHR-TOF and 3D-DSA (coil: p = 0.53, FD 0.33). The CNR was significantly higher in conventional TOF (p = 0.009). Conclusion In this pilot study, ultra-high-resolution TOF-MRA visualized all aneurysms and accurately depicted aneurysm irregularities and vessels at the base of the aneurysm comparably to DSA, outperforming conventional TOF. UHR-TOF with compressed sensing reconstruction seems to represent a non-invasive alternative to pre-interventional DSA for intracranial aneurysms

Single-antiplatelet regimen in ruptured cerebral blood blister and dissecting aneurysms treated with flow-diverter stent reconstruction

BackgroundFlow diversion treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms remains challenging due to the need for double-antiplatelet therapy. We report our experience with flow-diverter stent (FDS) reconstruction with single-antiplatelet therapy of ruptured cerebral blood blister and dissecting aneurysms.MethodsIn this case series we performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms who were treated with a phosphoryl-bonded FDS between 2019 and 2022 in a single center. Periprocedurally, all patients received weight-adapted eptifibatide IV and heparin IV. After 6–24 hours, eptifibatide was switched to oral prasugrel as monotherapy. We analyzed the rate of bleeding complications, thromboembolic events, occlusion rate and clinical outcome.ResultsNine patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated, eight within 24 hours of symptom onset. Seven patients were treated with one FDS and two patients received two FDS in a telescopic fashion. Two aneurysms were additionally coil embolized. Fatal re-rupture occurred in one case; eight patients survived and had no adverse events associated with the FDS. Six patients showed complete occlusion of the aneurysm after 3 months (n=2) and 1 year (n=4), respectively. Two patients showed subtotal occlusion of the aneurysm at the last follow-up after 3 months and 6 months, respectively. Favorable clinical outcome was achieved in five patients.ConclusionsPeri-interventional single-antiplatelet therapy with eptifibatide followed by prasugrel was sufficient to prevent thromboembolic events and reduce re-bleeding using an anti-thrombogenic FDS. FDS with single-antiplatelet therapy might be a viable option for ruptured blood blister and dissecting cerebral aneurysms

Impact of age on mechanical thrombectomy and clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Background and purpose: Mechanical thrombectomy is less effective in patients aged 80 years or older. Our goal was to better understand the impact of age in general on recanalization rates and clinical outcome. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of our prospective database of adult patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusions, who had undergone mechanical thrombectomy between 2019 and mid-2021. The cohort was categorized into five age groups: 18 - 49, 50 - 59, 60 - 69, 70 - 79 and ≥ 80 years. Our primary outcome measure was clinical outcome at three months after mechanical thrombectomy, measured by the mRS score. Secondary outcomes were procedure times and rates of successful recanalization, defined by mTICI ≥ 2b. Results: Data of 264 patients were analyzed. There were no significant differences in procedure times (p = 0.46) or in rates of successful recanalization (p = 0.49) between age groups. There was a significant association of age and mRS score at three months (p < 0.0001): From youngest to oldest group, odds of functional independence (mRS ≤ 2) decreased (80.0% vs. 21.3%) and odds of death (mRS 6) increased (13.3% vs. 57.3%). Increasing age was significantly associated with lower rates of functional independence (OR 0.93; [95% CI 0.90 - 0.95]), higher rates of care dependency (OR 1.04; [95% CI 1.01 - 1.07]) and higher mortality rates (OR 1.06; [95% CI 1.04 - 1.09]). Conclusion: Higher age had no significant impact on recanalization times or recanalization rates but was strongly associated with worse clinical outcome after mechanical thrombectomy

Choosing an Effective and Safe Direct Aspiration Setup for Tortuous Anatomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: In vitro Study in a Physiological Flow Model

PURPOSE  A direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) is an effective thrombectomy option in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Balloon guide catheters (BGC) seem to improve the efficacy of stent retrievers and ADAPT. The last generation 6F aspiration catheters require 9F BGCs, which are rigid devices that are challenging to position in a tortuous anatomy. In this experimental study the efficacy of 6F ADAPT alone and 5F ADAPT combined with 8F BGC was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS  Either a fibrin rich (white) clot or an RBC rich (red) clot was placed in the M1 segment of a transparent silicon phantom. Physiological hemodynamic conditions were maintained. The clots were retrieved by 6F aspiration catheter via 8F long sheath or 5F aspiration catheter via a flexible 8F BGC. Thrombectomy was performed under direct visual control. The primary endpoints were the number of passes and the number of distal emboli. RESULTS  Ten experiments were made with each clot model and thrombectomy technique (n = 40). Full recanalization could be achieved in every experiment. First pass mTICI 3 could be achieved by 6F ADAPT in 80 % of red clots and 90 % of white clots. Distal emboli were caused in 10 % and 20 %, respectively. When using 5F ADAPT combined with BGC, a first pass mTICI 3 rate of 90 % in red clots and 100 % in white clots could be achieved. A 10 % rate of distal emboli occurred in both groups. In almost all experiments (both techniques), the thrombi clogged the aspiration catheter. No statistically significant differences could be found between the techniques and clot models. CONCLUSION  6F ADAPT without BGC was as effective as 5F ADAPT combined with a flexible 8F BGC, with both techniques showing high first-pass recanalization rates and low distal emboli rates. Especially in the case of a tortuous anatomy, these setups should be considered as alternatives to a rigid 9F BGC. The thrombus compositions seemed to be irrelevant in this setting. KEY POINTS   · 6F ADAPT with no BGC and 5F ADAPT with BGC were very effective and performed equally.. · Both techniques should be considered in tortuous anatomy.. · In this setting the clot composition showed no effect on the recanalization rate.. CITATION FORMAT · Madjidyar J, Nerkada L, Larsen N et al. Choosing an Effective and Safe Direct Aspiration Setup for Tortuous Anatomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: In vitro Study in a Physiological Flow Model. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 544 - 550