Studying the State Feedback linearization and Input-Output State Feedback linearization by using Matlab Software to Notice the Systems Response for all Feedback Controls Applied

المبادئ الأساسية لهذه الورقة حول دراسة التغذية الراجعة  والتي فيها  نهج شائع الاستخدام و يستخدم في التحكم في الأنظمة غير الخطية يتضمن النهج الخروج بتحويل النظام غير الخطي إلى نظام خطي مكافئ من خلال تغيير المتغيرات ومدخل تحكم مناسب. و تقتصر تقنيات الإدخال والمخرجات الخطية على العمليات التي تكون فيها هذه الديناميكيات الصفرية مستقرة ويتم تحقيق هذا الهدف من خلال اشتقاق مخرجات اصطناعية تنتج نموذجًا خطيًا للتغذية الراجعة بأبعاد الحالة ثم يتم تصنيع وحدة تحكم خطية للمدخلات الخطية نموذج الدالة وسيتم استخدام ثلاث حالات مختلفة للتحكم في التغذية الراجعة لتحقيق الاستقرار في النظام غير الخطي .The basic principles of this paper about the Feedback linearization is a common approach used in controlling nonlinear systems. The approach involves coming up with a transformation of the nonlinear system into an equivalent linear system through a change of variables and a suitable control input. Moreover, Input-output linearization techniques are restricted to processes in which these so-called zero dynamics are stable and this objective is achieved by deriving artificial outputs that yield a feedback linearized model with state dimension and a linear controller is then synthesized for the linear input-state model. Furthermore, in this paper three different cases of feedback control will be used to stabilize the nonlinear system

Design and Testing Neuro Networks Control System for Direct Current Machine

The paper presents an adaptive intelligent control method to overcome effects of some indeterminate and undealt factors that a DC. drive is suffered. In the speed loop, we use a three-layer neural networks through a backpropagation (BP) algorithm out of line learning to realize the fuzzy-control tactics. We use unit neuron through Hebb algorithm on-line dynamic learning to realize adaptive mechanism. The simulation is based on a MATLAB neural networks toolbox with simulink. The results of the simulation show that adaptive intelligent control method enables the system to have good dynamic and stability performance. The proposed method develops the use of simulink in the field of electrical drive of adaptive intelligent control

Biodegradation of Polymeric Insulators Used in Electrical power

المواد البوليميرية لها مجموعة متنوعة من الاستخدامات بسبب التنوع الهيكلي. يعد تحللها البيولوجي مصدر قلق شائع لأنه عند استخدامها كعوازل كهربائية  فإن انهيار سلامتها الهيكلية يعرض الناس لمخاطر كهربائية. تبدأ عملية تحلل العوازل بواسطة الأغشية الحيوية بتكوين غشاء حيوي على سطحه. يجب أن يكون تكوين الأغشية الحيوية في ظل ظروف بيئية مناسبة مثل الرطوبة أو البيئة الرطبة. تعرض هذه الورقة عملية التحلل البيولوجي للعوازل البوليميرية. يتناول العمل إلى العمليات التي تشارك في نفس العوامل ، والعوامل التي تزيد من عملية التحلل البيولوجي. بمجرد تكوين الأغشية الحيوية على سطحها ، ستفرز الكائنات الحية الدقيقة إنزيمات تستطيع مهاجمة وتحلل سطح البوليمر. يخلص البحث إلى أن العوامل الأكثر شيوعًا التي تساعد في التحلل الحيوي هي تركيب البوليمرات، وطبيعتها البلورية، والعوامل البيئية.Polymeric materials have a variety of uses due to structural versatility. Their biodegradation is a common concern since when used as electrical insulators the breach of their structural integrity exposes people to electrical dangers. The process of degradation of the insulators by biofilms begins by the formation of a biofilm on its surface. Formation of the biofilm has to be under appropriate environmental conditions like in a damp or moist environment. This paper presents the process of biodegradation of polymeric insulators. It looks at the processes that are involved in the same and the factors that amplify the biodegradation process.  Once the biofilms have been formed on their surface, the microbes will secrete enzymes that can attack and hydrolyze the surface of the polymer. The paper concludes that the most common factors that aid the biodegradation are the composition of the polymers, the crystalline nature, and the environmental factors

DESIGN A MICRO-OHMMETER FOR MEASURING VERY SMALL RESISTANCE

In our paper the micro-ohmmeter in This circuit will be used for measuring very small resistances without applying large currents. The mili-voltage value will be used in this paper as well. Anyway, the Achievement of the circuit consists of two parts, simulation by software, and hardware. This paper is going to describe all steps one by one with calculation, simulation and hardware results

(Design Criteria for Silicone Rubber Insulators (Composite Insulator

Insulators are used to perform both the electrical and mechanical functions. As such the design of such materials should be made such that the insulators can perform the functions optimally without failing or break. Insulators are used to provide mechanical support as well as prevent the flow of electricity that is not required for the transmission of high voltage electricity. This research paper aims to discuss the design criteria for silicone rubber insulators. The method used in the study involved includes the review of literature from various sources regarding design standards for silicone rubber insulators. The results indicate the electrical and mechanical integrity are some of the most important aspects of insulators.  The composite insulators can thus be affected by elements such as chemicals, temperature, sunlight and humidity. The results of the study can be used to design successfully, construct and install reliable composite insulators to be used in high voltage electricity transmission lines.&nbsp

Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18 : a modelling study

Background: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2 ·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676· 5 (513· 6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV incidence (4661·7 [2544·8–8120·3]) cases per 100000 people in 2018 and Inhassunge District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV mortality rate (1163·0 [679·0–1866·8]) deaths per 100 000 people. Further, the rate of reduction in HIV incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018, as well as the ratio of new infections to the number of people living with HIV was highly variable. Although most second-level administrative units had declines in the number of new cases (3316 [81· 1%] of 4087 units) and number of deaths (3325 [81·4%]), nearly all appeared well short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths between 2010 and 2020. Interpretation: Our estimates suggest that most second-level administrative units in sub-Saharan Africa are falling short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths by 2020, which is further compounded by substantial within-country variability. These estimates will help decision makers and programme implementers expand access to ART and better target health resources to higher burden subnational areas

Correction: Abulmeaty et al. Effect of Long-Term Continuous Light Exposure and Western Diet on Adropin Expression, Lipid Metabolism, and Energy Homeostasis in Rats. <i>Biology</i> 2021, <i>10</i>, 413

In the original publication [...

Correction: Abulmeaty et al. Effect of Long-Term Continuous Light Exposure and Western Diet on Adropin Expression, Lipid Metabolism, and Energy Homeostasis in Rats. Biology 2021, 10, 413

In the original publication [...