7 research outputs found
AODVSEC: A Novel Approach to Secure Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing Protocol from Insider Attacks in MANETs
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that can
communicate with each other using multihop wireless links without requiring any
fixed based-station infrastructure and centralized management. Each node in the
network acts as both a host and a router. In such scenario, designing of an
efficient, reliable and secure routing protocol has been a major challenging
issue over the last many years. Numerous schemes have been proposed for secure
routing protocols and most of the research work has so far focused on providing
security for routing using cryptography. In this paper, we propose a novel
approach to secure Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol
from the insider attacks launched through active forging of its Route Reply
(RREP) control message. AODV routing protocol does not have any security
provision that makes it less reliable in publicly open ad hoc network. To deal
with the concerned security attacks, we have proposed AODV Security Extension
(AODVSEC) which enhances the scope of AODV for the security provision. We have
compared AODVSEC with AODV and Secure AODV (SAODV) in normal situation as well
as in presence of the three concerned attacks viz. Resource Consumption (RC)
attack, Route Disturb (RD) attack, Route Invasion (RI) attack and Blackhole
(BH) attack. To evaluate the performances, we have considered Packet Delivery
Fraction (PDF), Average End-to-End Delay (AED), Average Throughput (AT),
Normalized Routing Load (NRL) and Average Jitter and Accumulated Average
Processing Time.Comment: 20 Pages, 24 Figure
An Unusual Pulmonary Complication of Statin Medication
Statins or hydroxyl-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have proven efficacy at decreasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although statins have been prescribed safely, there should be more awareness of the possible adverse effects. Recently, we encountered a patient who had unexplained dyspnea, weakness, and immobility. The patient’s symptoms were alleviated after discontinuing the statin medication. Although we have no concrete evidence that her symptoms were due to the medication, the temporal relationship of symptom improvement upon discontinuation of the statin, led us to the conclusion that it could potentially have been the cause. Unexplained dyspnea is not listed as an adverse effect in the prescribing information, but interstitial lung disease is listed as a possible complication of statins and there are a few other case reports of statin related unexplained dyspnea in the literature. Physicians should be aware of statins as a possible cause of unexplained dyspnea and consider a drug holiday as a therapeutic trial
Impacts and Industrial Applications of Phytic Acid and Phytase
Phytic acid is an antinutritional compound that chelates P and essential divalent cations such as Fe, Ca, and Zn in cereals and major staple crops such as wheat, maize, rice, and sorghum. As a result, these cations cannot be absorbed by monogastric animals or humans: phytic acid has an inhibitory effect on nutrient uptake and its levels are negatively correlated with protein and starch digestibility. However, phytic acid can be degraded by the action of the enzyme phytase. Phytase plays important roles in the degradation of phytic acid and in increasing the nutritional quality of staple foods. Microbial phytase is a versatile enzyme that is beneficial for humans, animals, the environment, and the industry. In this review, we summarise the interaction of phytic acid with micronutrients, various approaches to enhancing the nutritional profile of staple foods by reducing the phytic acid content, and current knowledge of microbial-based phytase as a potential reducer of phytic acid
Post spinal anaesthesia shivering- incidence and associated risk factors in patients undergoing lower limb and abdominal surgeries
Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of shivering and likely associated risk factors following spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries.Methods: The present study was conducted in MMIMSR, Department of anaesthesia from December 2016 to September 2018. It was an observational study which was conducted over a period of 2 years. Patients who were scheduled to undergo elective lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries under spinal anaesthesia were included in study.Results: The present study depicts a high incidence of post spinal shivering, which was 42.8%. Majority of the patients belonged to the young age group between 20-30 years. The mean time of onset of shivering, was around 25 mins. Duration of shivering was observed between 15-75 minutess with a mean of 43.75 and SD±19.39.Conclusions: Shivering is one of the distressing complications of spinal block, which may be deleterious to the patients with poor cardio-respiratory reserve
An Unusual Pulmonary Complication of Statin Medication
Statins or hydroxyl-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have proven efficacy at decreasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although statins have been prescribed safely, there should be more awareness of the possible adverse effects. Recently, we encountered a patient who had unexplained dyspnea, weakness, and immobility. The patient’s symptoms were alleviated after discontinuing the statin medication. Although we have no concrete evidence that her symptoms were due to the medication, the temporal relationship of symptom improvement upon discontinuation of the statin, led us to the conclusion that it could potentially have been the cause. Unexplained dyspnea is not listed as an adverse effect in the prescribing information, but interstitial lung disease is listed as a possible complication of statins and there are a few other case reports of statin related unexplained dyspnea in the literature. Physicians should be aware of statins as a possible cause of unexplained dyspnea and consider a drug holiday as a therapeutic trial
From research to practice: Lay adherence counsellors' fidelity to an evidence-based intervention for promoting adherence to antiretroviral treatment in the Western Cape, South Africa
In the Western Cape, lay counsellors are tasked
with supporting antiretroviral (ARV) adherence in public
healthcare clinics. Thirty-nine counsellors in 21 Cape
Town clinics were trained in Options for Health (Options),
an evidence-based intervention based on motivational
interviewing (MI). We evaluated counsellors’ ability to
deliver Options for addressing poor adherence following
5 days training. Audio-recordings of counselling sessions
collected following training were transcribed and translated
into English. Thirty-five transcripts of sessions conducted
by 35 counsellors were analysed for fidelity to the Options
protocol, and using the Motivational Interviewing
Treatment and Integrity (MITI) code. Counsellors struggled
with some of the strategies associated with MI, such as
assessing readiness-to-change and facilitating change talk.
Overall, counsellors failed to achieve proficiency in the
approach of MI according to the MITI. Counsellors were
able to negotiate realistic plans for addressing patients’
barriers to adherence. Further efforts aimed at strengthening
the ARV adherence counselling programme are
needed.Department of HE and Training approved lis