The language of marketing hyperbole and consumer perception: the case of Glasgow

The aim of the study was to explore the potential of a timed word association task to generate detailed insights into the perception of Glasgow city and its people which could inform destination and brand marketing. Destination marketers have a challenge to convey the tourist destination image to attract and satisfy the expectations of its visitors. Yet destination perceptions are often the result of multiple tourist visitor experiences at a location, neglecting the voice of the resident. The extent to which word associations varied by participants’ relationship to Glasgow was identified in terms of Aaker’s brand personality scale, an extension of personality research on brands and destinations. Surveying of 1,219 UK participants generated a total of 5,993 terms (city; 1,144 unique) and 5,034 terms (people; 944 unique). The value of capturing the perceptions of a destination by its residents is identified. The results showed that the city of Glasgow was often described as cold and busy, while the people were primarily described as friendly and funny. Evidence was found in support of dual-processing theory suggesting word associations based on lived experiences of a city may be generated later (in terms of the order in which the terms were generated) in a word association task, while common linguistic associations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hierarchies etc.) tend to be generated earlier in the task. As hypothesised, analyses revealed a significant relationship between several of the Aaker-dimensions of brand personality, and the consumers’ relationship to Glasgow, extending marketing research with an empirical approach to identifying differences in the perceived personality of a destination. The study offers a practical, fast, and replicable method for destination marketers to study consumer perception at scale, which is currently not widely utilised in this field. In particular, the use of semantic distance and word embeddings provides a readily available approach to automatically categorise content derived from word associations studies, or indeed, any text-based content. In contrast, financial investment in non-validated branding and destination marketing campaigns appear to be increasingly problematic. Advances were made in testing an approach to interpreting word associations through the lens of linguistic and situated simulation (LASS) theory to provide deeper analysis to both categorise and interpret consumers’ perception. Traditional approaches to tourism marketing and destination branding rarely provide such a level of analytical appraisal. The analysis presented in this paper challenges the orthodoxy and validity of investment in brand and destination marketing at a city level and the potential for word association tasks to be used as a valuable alternative method to create more effective destination marketing and branding.<br/

The effect of cryotherapy and inflammation and myofiber regeneration following skeletal muscle injury

Cryotherapy is a widely used modality to treat acute skeletal muscle injury. Traditionally, cryotherapy is used immediately following an injury to accelerate the healing process by decreasing pain, inflammation and secondary hypoxic injury. Recent studies conflict with this long-standing practice and have suggested that cryotherapy may actually impair the myofiber regeneration process after muscle injury due to suppression of the inflammatory process. Therefore, delaying the healing process. A critical appraisal was conducted on three studies that have examined the inflammatory markers and markers of muscle regeneration. These studies were conducted over the past five years and have examined the effects of cryotherapy on inflammatory markers (mRNA levels of TNF-α, NF-κB, TGF-β and MMP-9), and myofiber regeneration (MyoD, IGF-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Desmin) after acute skeletal muscle injury. These studies found that cryotherapy suppressed inflammatory markers when compared to a control group. In addition, cryotherapy was found to either have no effect on myofiber regeneration or in the case of one study, it may delay skeletal muscle regeneration. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence that cryotherapy decreases the inflammation process which may lead to a delay in myofiber regeneration following skeletal muscle injury

Physical activity and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Australia

Background Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes represent an issue of epidemic proportion, responsible for tens of millions of premature deaths annually. NCDs are also responsible for reducing quality of life and causing detrimental social and economic effects. Disparities across population groups are evident. In Australia, NCDs were a leading cause of the total burden of disease in 2011. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders have a shorter life expectancy and poorer health risk factors and outcomes than non-Indigenous Australians. Much of this gap in life expectancy has been attributed to preventable NCDs. Physical activity is a key modifiable cause of the excess burden of disease and mortality. Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, there is a lack of evidence around the associations between physical activity and health and demographic factors and the impact of strategies to increase physical activity, compared to mainstream evidence. Aims This thesis aims to contribute towards building an evidence base around the association of physical activity on the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The first aim is to examine cross-sectional associations between physical activity and a range of lifestyle, environmental and social factors among adults. Subsequently, the thesis identifies and describes physical activity patterns and influencing factors among adolescents. The third aim is to describe characteristics of physical activity programs targeting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Lastly, the thesis aims to measure the effects of a community-based physical activity program. Methods The series of studies used a range of methods. The first study examined whether achievement of national physical activity recommendations was associated with healthy lifestyle behaviours, neighbourhood environmental characteristics and social support among Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal adults in New South Wales (NSW) (Chapter 2). The second study examined cross-sectional demographic, social, psychosocial and health correlates of physical activity among Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal adolescents in NSW (Chapter 3). The third study examined age related declines in physical activity among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young people and their variation by season, setting and type among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children from between 2007/8 and 2011/12 (Chapter 4). The fourth study reviewed the scientific and grey literature for physical activity programs targeting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders operating between 2012 and 2015, described their characteristics and engaged with program coordinators to verify sourced information (Chapter 5). The final study examined the health and community impacts of the Indigenous Marathon Program (IMP) in a remote Torres Strait island community, using questionnaire and semi-structured interview mixed methods (Chapter 6). Results In Chapter 2, a similar proportion of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adults achieved national physical activity recommendations and factors relating to achieving recommendations were similar in both groups. However, neighbourhood features and social support were less favourable among Aboriginal adults. Among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adolescents, physical activity levels were similarly low but some correlates differed by Aboriginality (Chapter 3). Aboriginal girls were less active than boys, as were those whose mothers were unemployed. In Chapter 4, serial physical activity declines were found in a population of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young people over five years, but not across all seasons, settings and types. Chapter 5, identifies 110 programs that aimed to increase physical activity for health or broader social outcomes. Around half were found to collect process or impact evaluation data but this is underrepresented in the scientific literature. In Chapter 6, impacts of Indigenous Marathon Program were the adoption of running and broader healthy lifestyle factors in a remote community with a high initial level of community readiness. Barriers to running were both personal, cultural and environmental. Conclusion The findings from this thesis make a novel contribution to building an evidence base of associations between physical activity and the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. A number of factors associated with physical activity in adults and children are unique to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders populations; other factors are similar to those experienced by mainstream populations. It is vitally important that physical activity programs that aim to improve health or social outcomes can determine their value through evaluation

Sports sponsorship and kids\u27 health: who are the real winners?

Over the weekend, Australian children and their parents witnessed some of the country\u27s finest sportsmen display feats of strength, skill and endurance in the Australian Football League (AFL) and National Rugby League (NRL) grand finals. I\u27m sure many young people would have been inspired to emulate the actions and successes of their heroes. What spectators and viewers would also have seen was the paradoxical promotion of Carlton breweries and McDonalds in commercial advertisements during the games. The websites of the NRL, AFL reveal a similar picture of sponsorship and marketing by unhealthy food and drink companies such as Coca-Cola and Red Bull. We\u27ve also recently seen television adverts for Coles and Cadbury\u27s, where Adam Goodes, the captain of the winning Sydney Swans, and player Dale Thomas promote products that are hardly the fuel of champions. It\u27s understood, and even expected, that adults might enjoy a few beers and perhaps some pub food during these annual events (and, no doubt, at player post-match celebrations). But the impact of ever-present junk food and alcohol advertising on those of a more impressionable age is of concern

Facilitators and barriers to physical activity participation experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults: A mixed methods systematic review protocol

Objective:To synthesize the existing research about physical activity and sport facilitators and barriers experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults in Australia.Introduction:Physical activity and sport have cultural importance for First Nations peoples. Achieving health and broader benefits from physical activity and sport is impacted by experiences of both facilitators and barriers to participation. Identifying how to facilitate participation and overcome barriers to physical activity and sport is important to develop strategies to increase physical activity levels and sport participation among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. Several studies have examined physical activity and sport facilitators and barriers experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, and collective synthesis of these studies can provide a more comprehensive understanding of their findings.Inclusion criteria:This mixed methods systematic review will consider studies that include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples aged 18 years and over from any setting or region of Australia. Studies will be considered if they report on facilitators and barriers to physical activity and/or sport participation.Methods:Eleven databases will be searched, as well as gray literature sources, and a selection of websites containing resources relevant to physical activity participation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. Studies published in English will be included. No date limits will be set. After screening the titles and abstracts of identified citations, potentially relevant studies will be retrieved in full. Study selection, critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis will be undertaken according to the convergent integrated approach to mixed methods reviews.Systematic review registration number:PROSPERO CRD42020162134

Seeing the invisible, hearing the inaudible

Commentary and portfolio of compositions

Comparison of free-living physical activity data obtained from a Fitbit Zip, the Apple iPhone Health app and a modified Bouchard Activity Record

Issue addressed: Physical activity tracking devices have potential to improve public health, but their data needs to be reliable. No study has compared movement data between the Fitbit Zip, Apple iPhone Health app and physical activity records in a community setting over 10 days. Methods: University students aged 18+ years wore both a Fitbit Zip and an iPhone at/near their right waist and completed a modified Bouchard Activity Record (BAR) for 10 days in a free-living setting. Comparisons were made between the Fitbit Zip and iPhone for the number of steps and the distance travelled and between the Fitbit Zip and BAR for the minutes of activity in three different intensities. Results: Eighteen students provided sufficient data for inclusion. There were strong correlations between steps per day (r =.87) and distance travelled (r =.88) between the Fitbit Zips and iPhones. However, the Fitbit Zip measured significantly more steps per day (mean 8437 vs 7303; P ≤.001) and greater distances (mean 5.9 vs 4.9; P ≤.001) than the iPhone. Correlations between the Fitbit Zips and the BARs were moderate for minutes of total (r =.51) and light (r =.40) activity and weak for moderate/fairly active (r =.20) and vigorous/very active (r =.25). Conclusions: There were strong correlations between the physical activity data measured by Fitbit Zips and iPhones, but the iPhone Health app significantly underestimated the number of steps per day taken and the distance travelled when compared to the Fitbit Zip. So what?: Understanding the comparability of accelerometer devices provides useful information for future pragmatic physical activity measurement

Review of physical activity among Indigenous people

Physical activity is important for all Australians, particularly in the prevention, management and treatment of chronic conditions, and for social and emotional wellbeing. Chronic health conditions, including cardiovascular conditions, endocrine conditions (such as diabetes), and certain cancers, account for 70% of the observed difference in the burden of disease between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Modifiable risk factors, particularly behavioural determinants such as physical activity, can help to reduce the extent and impact of these conditions, and assist in the prevention, management and treatment of disease. The levels and impacts of physical inactivity are greater for Indigenous people than they are for other Australians. Physical inactivity has been cited as the second leading cause of disease burden in Australia, and the third leading cause of disease burden for Indigenous people