Bureaucracy and Contracts of Adhesion

Under the political theory of the liberal state, there is no adequate traditional justification for contracts of adhesion. Professor Macneil seeks to locate their legitimacy in the nature of modern bureaucracy. He demonstrates how this mode of legitimation sets limits for government intervention. In his conclusion, Professor Macneil emphasizes the significance of his analysis for a fuller understanding of the validity and the complex operation of contracts of adhesion

Antimicrobial graft copolymer gels

In view of the growing worldwide rise in microbial resistance, there is considerable interest in designing new antimicrobial copolymers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between antimicrobial activity and copolymer composition/ architecture to gain a better understanding of their mechanism of action. Specifically, the antibacterial activity of several copolymers based on 2- (methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine [MPC] and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) toward Staphylococcus aureus was examined. Both block and graft copolymers were synthesized using either atom transfer radical polymerization or reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and characterized via 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, rheology, and surface tensiometry. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using a range of well-known assays, including direct contact, live/dead staining, and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while transmission electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the bacteria before and after the addition of various copolymers. As expected, PMPC homopolymer was biocompatible but possessed no discernible antimicrobial activity. PMPC-based graft copolymers comprising PHPMA side chains (i.e. PMPC-g-PHPMA) significantly reduced both bacterial growth and viability. In contrast, a PMPC−PHPMA diblock copolymer comprising a PMPC stabilizer block and a hydrophobic core-forming PHPMA block did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity, although it did form a biocompatible worm gel. Surface tensiometry studies and LDH release assays suggest that the PMPC-g-PHPMA graft copolymer exhibits surfactantlike activity. Thus, the observed antimicrobial activity is likely to be the result of the weakly hydrophobic PHPMA chains penetrating (and hence rupturing) the bacterial membrane