2,036 research outputs found
Unusual Symmetries in the Kugel-Khomskii Hamiltonian
The Kugel-Khomskii Hamiltonian for cubic titanates describes spin and orbital
superexchange interactions between ions having three-fold degenerate
orbitals. Since orbitals do not couple along "inactive" axes,
perpendicular to the orbital planes, the total number of electrons in orbitals in any such plane and the corresponding total spin are both
conserved. A Mermin-Wagner construction shows that there is no long-range spin
ordering at nonzero temperatures. Inclusion of spin-orbit coupling allows such
ordering, but even then the excitation spectrum is gapless due to a continuous
symmetry. Thus, the observed order and gap require more symmetry breaking
terms.Comment: 4 pages (two column format with 2 figures), to appear in Phys. Rev.
Lett. (submitted on Dec. 2002
Magnetic and Orbital States and Their Phase Transition of the Perovskite-Type Ti Oxides: Strong Coupling Approach
The properties and mechanism of the magnetic phase transition of the
perovskite-type Ti oxides, which is driven by the Ti-O-Ti bond angle
distortion, are studied theoretically by using the effective spin and
pseudospin Hamiltonian with strong Coulomb repulsion. It is shown that the
A-type antiferromagnetic (AFM(A)) to ferromagnetic (FM) phase transition occurs
as the Ti-O-Ti bond angle is decreased. Through this phase transition, the
orbital state changes only little whereas the spin-exchange coupling along the
c-axis is expected to change from positive to negative nearly continuously and
approaches zero at the phase boundary. The resultant strong two-dimensionality
in the spin coupling causes rapid suppression of the critical temperature, as
observed experimentally. It may induce large quantum fluctuations in this
region.Comment: 13 pages, 15 figure
Proteome Profiling of Breast Tumors by Gel Electrophoresis and Nanoscale Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
We have conducted proteome-wide analysis of fresh surgery specimens derived from breast cancer patients, using an approach that integrates size-based intact protein fractionation, nanoscale liquid separation of peptides, electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics. Through this approach, we have acquired a large amount of peptide fragmentation spectra from size-resolved fractions of the proteomes of several breast tumors, tissue peripheral to the tumor, and samples from patients undergoing noncancer surgery. Label-free quantitation was used to generate protein abundance maps for each proteome and perform comparative analyses. The mass spectrometry data revealed distinct qualitative and quantitative patterns distinguishing the tumors from healthy tissue as well as differences between metastatic and non-metastatic human breast cancers including many established and potential novel candidate protein biomarkers. Selected proteins were evaluated by Western blotting using tumors grouped according to histological grade, size, and receptor expression but differing in nodal status. Immunohistochemical analysis of a wide panel of breast tumors was conducted to assess expression in different types of breast cancers and the cellular distribution of the candidate proteins. These experiments provided further insights and an independent validation of the data obtained by mass spectrometry and revealed the potential of this approach for establishing multimodal markers for early metastasis, therapy outcomes, prognosis, and diagnosis in the future. © 2008 American Chemical Society
Spin Dynamics and Orbital State in LaTiO_3
A neutron scattering study of the Mott-Hubbard insulator LaTiO
(T K) reveals a spin wave spectrum that is well described by a
nearest-neighbor superexchange constant meV and a small
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction ( meV). The nearly isotropic spin wave
spectrum is surprising in view of the absence of a static Jahn-Teller
distortion that could quench the orbital angular momentum, and it may indicate
strong orbital fluctuations. A resonant x-ray scattering study has uncovered no
evidence of orbital order in LaTiO.Comment: final version, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3946 (2000
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Parametric generation of second sound in superfluid helium: linear stability and nonlinear dynamics
We report the experimental studies of a parametric excitation of a second
sound (SS) by a first sound (FS) in a superfluid helium in a resonance cavity.
The results on several topics in this system are presented: (i) The linear
properties of the instability, namely, the threshold, its temperature and
geometrical dependencies, and the spectra of SS just above the onset were
measured. They were found to be in a good quantitative agreement with the
theory. (ii) It was shown that the mechanism of SS amplitude saturation is due
to the nonlinear attenuation of SS via three wave interactions between the SS
waves. Strong low frequency amplitude fluctuations of SS above the threshold
were observed. The spectra of these fluctuations had a universal shape with
exponentially decaying tails. Furthermore, the spectral width grew continuously
with the FS amplitude. The role of three and four wave interactions are
discussed with respect to the nonlinear SS behavior. The first evidence of
Gaussian statistics of the wave amplitudes for the parametrically generated
wave ensemble was obtained. (iii) The experiments on simultaneous pumping of
the FS and independent SS waves revealed new effects. Below the instability
threshold, the SS phase conjugation as a result of three-wave interactions
between the FS and SS waves was observed. Above the threshold two new effects
were found: a giant amplification of the SS wave intensity and strong resonance
oscillations of the SS wave amplitude as a function of the FS amplitude.
Qualitative explanations of these effects are suggested.Comment: 73 pages, 23 figures. to appear in Phys. Rev. B, July 1 st (2001
Orbital order induced metal-insulator transition in (La,Ca)MnO3
We present evidence that the insulator to metal transition in (La,Ca)MnO3
near x~0.2 is driven by the suppression of coherent Jahn-Teller distortions,
originating from d type orbital ordering. The orbital ordered state is
characterised by large long-range Q2 distortions below To*-o'. Above To*-o' we
find evidence for coexistence between an orbital-ordered and -disordered state.
This behaviour is discussed in terms of electronic phases of an orbital ordered
insulating and orbital-disordered metallic states.Comment: 5 pages, including 5 figure
Chemico-calorimetric analysis of amorphous granules manufactured via continuous granulation process
The current study explores the first case of the implementation of solution calorimetry (SolCal) in order to determine the amorphous content of crystalline benzoyl-methoxy-methylindol-acetic acid (BMA)—a model poorly soluble drug, in the amorphous granules prepared via single-step continuous twin-screw dry granulations (TSG). Amorphous magnesium aluminometasilicate (Neusilin®) (US2) was used as a novel inorganic carrier via a TwinLab 10 mm twin-screw extruder. The BMA/US2 blends were processed at 180 °C and varying drug: carrier ratios of 1:4, 1:2.5 and 1:1 (w/w). Physico-chemical characterisation conducted via SEM, DSC and XRPD showed amorphous state of the drug in all granulated formulations. Reverse optical microscopy revealed a meso-porous structure of US2 in which the drug particles are adsorbed and/or entrapped within the porous network of the carrier. This phenomenon can be the underlying reason for the increase of the amorphous content in the extruded granules. Solution calorimetry (SolCal) study revealed amorphous content of the drug in all formulations quite precisely, whereas the dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) analysis complemented the results from SolCal. Furthermore, an attempt has been made for the first time to interrelate the findings from the SolCal to that of the release of the drug from the amorphous granules. It can be concluded that SolCal can be used as a novel technique to precisely quantify and interrelate the amorphous content to its physico-chemical performances such as drug release from the granulated formulations processed via TS
G-type antiferromagnetism and orbital ordering due to the crystal field from the rare-earth ions induced by the GdFeO_3-type distortion in RTiO_3 with R=La, Pr, Nd and Sm
The origin of the antiferromagnetic order and puzzling properties of LaTiO_3
as well as the magnetic phase diagram of the perovskite titanates are studied
theoretically. We show that in LaTiO_3, the t_{2g} degeneracy is eventually
lifted by the La cations in the GdFeO_3-type structure, which generates a
crystal field with nearly trigonal symmetry. This allows the description of the
low-energy structure of LaTiO_3 by a single-band Hubbard model as a good
starting point. The lowest-orbital occupation in this crystal field stabilizes
the AFM(G) state, and well explains the spin-wave spectrum of LaTiO_3 obtained
by the neutron scattering experiment. The orbital-spin structures for RTiO_3
with R=Pr, Nd and Sm are also accounted for by the same mechanism. We point out
that through generating the R crystal field, the GdFeO_3-type distortion has a
universal relevance in determining the orbital-spin structure of the perovskite
compounds in competition with the Jahn-Teller mechanism, which has been
overlooked in the literature. Since the GdFeO_3-type distortion is a universal
phenomenon as is seen in a large number of perovskite compounds, this mechanism
may also play important roles in other compounds of this type.Comment: 20 pages, 15 figure
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