The effect of quarterly albendazole during childhood on the recall response to mycobacterial and tetanus antigens, and on anti-tetanus antibody levels, at age 5 years.

<p>cCFP: crude culture filtrate proteins of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.</p>a<p>geometric mean of response concentration +1;</p>b<p>bias-corrected accelerated confidence intervals computed by bootstrapping.</p

The effect of anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy on incidence of malaria, diarrhoea, pneumonia and eczema during early childhood (from birth to 5 years).

<p>There was no evidence of interaction between maternal albendazole and praziquantel treatments, therefore the effects of each treatment were examined independently.</p

The effect of quarterly albendazole during childhood on asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia, haemoglobin and growth.

<p>Malaria parasitaemia results were missing for 39, 53, 52 and 38 children at ages 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively; haemoglobin results were missing for 17, 28, 658^b and 13 children at ages 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively; weight-for-age z-scores were missing for 2, 0, 1 and 4 children at ages 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively; height-for-age z-scores were missing for 12, 2, 9 and 12 children at ages 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively; weight-for-height z-scores were missing for 16, 4, 11 and 184^c children at ages 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively.</p>a<p>The effect of quarterly albendazole on asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia changed with time (interaction p = 0.02), therefore the overall effect of the intervention on this outcome is not presented.</p>b<p>Haemoglobin was not measured for four-year olds from 22^nd January 2009 onwards due to budget constraints.</p>c<p>Weight-for-height z-scores could not be calculated using WHO Anthro software for children who were aged >5 years and 1 month.</p

Effect of quarterly albendazole from age 15 months to 5 years on infectious disease incidence in children.

<p>Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for time to first (or only episode) of (a) malaria, (b) diarrhoea and (c) pneumonia during the intervention period, comparing children who received quarterly albendazole with those who received placebo. Numbers shown in the tables are number of events (in brackets) and number of children at risk.</p

The effect of maternal anthelminthic treatment on childhood disease incidence by maternal helminth status (from birth to 5 years).

<p>The effect of maternal anthelminthic treatment on childhood disease incidence by maternal helminth status (from birth to 5 years).</p

The prevalence of helminth infection at each routine annual visit, by childhood treatment group.

1<p>For each annual visit, denominators are slightly lower than in Web <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050325#pone-0050325-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> due to excluding children who were first randomised at that annual visit.</p

The effect of quarterly albendazole during childhood on incidence of malaria, diarrhoea, pneumonia, and eczema (15 months to 5 years).

*<p>Hazard Ratio adjusted for eczema prior to randomisation and maternal hookworm at enrolment.</p

Characteristics of children enrolled in the trial of quarterly albendazole versus placebo from age 15 months to five years, at the time of randomisation.

a<p>The number of mothers with children randomised is lower than the number of children randomised due to 20 sets of twins;</p>b<p>mv: missing values;</p

Flow of participants through the childhood trial.

<p>Flow of participants through the childhood trial.</p

Effect of anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy on eczema incidence in the children.

<p>Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for time to first (or only episode) of eczema (a) comparing children whose mothers received albendazole during pregnancy with those whose mothers received albendazole-placebo (b) comparing children whose mothers received praziquantel during pregnancy with those whose mothers received praziquantel-placebo. Numbers shown in the tables are number of events (in brackets) and number of children at risk.</p