Bioassay-Guided Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia Atroviridis (Asam Gelugor)

This study was undertaken to characterise the biological activities of Garcinia atroviridis, a food plant and traditional vegetable, as well as to isolate and identify its bioactive constituents Ethnobotanical reports on the use of G atroviridis as an anti-infective agent and biopreservative, coupled with the paucity of scientific reports on the biological activities of G atroviridis were the basis for selecting this plant as the subject of this study Crude extracts (methanol dimethyl sulfmade-91) of various parts of this plant were screened for antimicrobial (disc diffusion method), Cytotoxic (microtitration method), brine shrimp toxic, antitumour-promoting (Epstem Barr Virus activation assay) and antioxidant (ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbitunc assays) activities. The crude extracts exhibited predominantly antibacterial activity with the roots showing the strongest inhibition against the test bacteria at the minimum inhibitory dose (MID) of 156µg/disc. Although all the extracts failed to inhibit the growth of most of the test fungi, significant antifungal activity against Cladosporium herbarum was exhibited by most notably the fruit extract (MID 100 µg), and the leaf extract (MID 400 µg) None of the extracts were Significantly cytotoxic and lethal towards brine shrimps. The root, leaf, trunk and stem bark extracts (except for the fruits) showed strong antioxidant activity exceeding that of the standard antioxidant, α-tocopherol. Antitumour promoting activity (> 95% inhibition) was shown by the fruit, leaf, stem and trunk bark extracts

Antiviral and cytotoxic activities of some plants used in Malaysian indigenous medicine

Ethanolic extracts of 61 medicinal plants used in Malaysia were screened for antiviral and cytotoxic activities. Antiviral activity was tested against the herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis (VSV) viruses, and cytotoxicity was assayed using the HeLa cell line. Antiviral activity against both viruses was present in the extracts from Calotropis gigantea, Costus speciosus, Eugenia michelii, Hedyotis auricularia, Mentha arvensis, Orthosiphon aristatus, Polygonum minus and Ricinus communis (MIG: 0.002-0.1 mg/ml). The extracts from Alternanthera sessilis, Blumea chinensis, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia hirta, Freycinetia malaccensis, Leea indica and Solanum americanum were active in selectively inhibiting HSV-1 (0.001-0.1 mg/ml). Selective activity against VSV was shown by the extracts from Acalypha indica, Bertholletia excelsa, Cerbera manghas, Codiaeum variegatum, Plectranthus amboinicus, Centella asiatica, Mirabilis jalapa, Morinda elliptica, Oenanthe javanica, Piper sarmentosum and Premna odorata (MIG: 0.005-0.1 mg/ml). Gytotoxic activity was present in the extracts from Acalypha indica, Andrographis paniculata, Cerbera manghas, Codiaeum variegatum, Cosmos caudatus, Elephantopus scaber, Etlingera elatior, Eugenia michelii, Freycinetia malaccensis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,Cen~ella asiati~a, Lecythis ollaria, Mentha arvensis, Mirabilis jalapa, Morinda elliptica, Ocimum tenUlflorum, PIper sarmentosum and Polygonum minus (CD50: 0.001-0.1 mgjml).Co-existing antiviral and cytotoxic activities were shown by Eugenia michelii, Mentha arvensis and Polygonum minus

Bioassay-guided isolation of deoxypodophyllotoxin, the cytotoxic constituent of Juniperus chinensis

The ethanol extract from the leaves of Juniperus chinensis was found to be cytotoxic towards HeLa cells. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the EtOAc soluble faction directed by the microtitration cytotoxic assay revealed that the cytotoxic compound was deoxypodophyllotoxin. All the tumour cell lines tested (KU8112F-chronic mylogeneous leukemia, TK 10-renal carcinoma, UACC 62-melanoma and CEM-SS - T-lymphoblastic leukemia) were found to be susceptible to deoxypodophyllotoxin, however, the minimum effective concentration (MEC) required to reduce the cell population by 100 percent was different between cell lines

Antiviral, cyototoxic and antimicrobial activities of anthraquinones isolated from the roots of Morinda elliptica

2-Formyl-1-hydroxyanthraquinone, along with ten other known anthraquinones (1-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone, nordamnacanthal, damnacanthal, lucidin-?-methyl ether, rubiadin, rubiadin-1-methyl ether, soranjidiol, morindone, morindone-5-methyl ether and alizarin-1-methyl ether), isolated from the roots of Morinda elliptica , were assayed for anti-HIV, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activites. Only damnacanthal showed moderate activity against HIV. It was cytotoxic towards the MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) and CEM-SS (T-lymphoblastic leukaemia) cell line. Nordamnacanthal was very cytotoxic against the CEM-SS cell lines. Other anthraquinones that showed strong cytotoxicity towards the cell lines tested were lucidin-?-methyl ether (CEM-SS and MCF-7) and rubiadin (CEM-SS). Three anthraquinones viz., nordamnacanthal, damnacanthal and morindone, were found to have strong antimicrobial activity

Konsep penghibridan 4-aminokuinolina sebagai alternatif agen antiplasmodium

Kemunculan strain parasit yang rintang terhadap hampir semua ubatan antimalaria telah mendorong para saintis mengkaji penggantian mekanisme tindakan alternatif yang lebih berkesan. Keberkesanan rawatan semasa antimalaria adalah terhad dari segi bio ketersediaan ubat yang rendah, ketoksikan ubat yang tinggi dan kadar keterlarutan dalam air yang rendah. Penghibridan adalah satu strategi menarik bagi mengembangkan konsep penemuan ubat antimalaria. Kerangka 4-aminokuinolina telah disasarkan dalam kebanyakan proses reka bentuk agen antiplasmodium kerana kos sintesisnya yang murah, selamat dan kurang toksik sejak 20 tahun yang lalu. Penemuan hibrid antiplasmodium menggunakan kerangka 4-aminokuinolina dan pelbagai moieti seperti artemisinin, piperidin, indolin, pirimidin telah menunjukkan aktiviti antiplasmodium yang baik. Walau bagaimanapun, sehingga kini penemuan hibrid ini masih tidak dapat dibangunkan dan memasuki ujian percubaan klinikal. Ulasan ini meringkaskan penemuan hibrid antiplasmodium yang telah diterbitkan dalam tempoh sebelas tahun ke belakang (2011-2021). Kelebihan dan kelemahan konsep penghibridan sebagai pengganti agen antiplasmodium sedia ada dibincangkan. Analisis kajian menunjukkan hibrid 4-aminokuinolina mempunyai aktiviti antiplasmodium yang setanding atau lebih baik secara in vitro berbanding rawatan profilaksis klorokuina. Hibrid kuinolina kelas IV adalah yang paling kerap dikaji dan diperoleh dalam kajian ini sepanjang tempoh sebelas tahun ke belakang. Kekurangan data praklinikal terperinci mengenai hibrid yang disintesis telah menghalang kajian lanjut dalam ujian klinikal

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of some Malaysian traditional vegetables (ulam)

Ethanol extracts of 19 Malaysian traditional vegetables (locally known as ‘ulam’) belonging to 15 families were screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Both the disc diffusion (qualitative) and tube dilution (quantitative) assays were employed for the determination of antimicrobial activity against six pathogenic microorganisms, i.e. two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungi (Aspergillus ochraceous and Cryptococcus neoformans). Six extracts, i.e. Anacardium occidentale, Garcinia atroviridis, Averrhoa bilimbi, Polygonum minus, Diplazium esculentum and Etlingera elatior, showed antimicrobial with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values in the respective ranges of 100 ? 800 µg/ml and 400 ? 800 µg/ml. Seven extracts, i.e. Anacardium occidentale, Garcinia atroviridis, Sesbania grandiflora, Barringtonia racemosa, Polygonum minus, Kaempferia galanga and Etlingera elatior displayed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) cell line with CD 50 values in the range of 10–30 µg/ml. The ‘ulam’ show potential as ‘functional food’ in view of the significant therapeutic and nutritive benefits

Screening of Zingiberaceae extracts for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of 13 Zingiberaceae species from the Alpinia, Costus and Zingiber genera were screened for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity of most of the extracts was antibacterial with only the methanol extract of Costus discolor showing very potent antifungal activity against only Aspergillus ochraceous (MID, 15.6 μg per disc). All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity comparable with or higher that of α-tocopherol

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumour-promoting and cytotoxic activities of different plant part extracts of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders

Crude extracts (methanol) of various parts, viz. the leaves, fruits, roots, stem and trunk bark, of Garcinia atroviridis were screened for antimicrobial, cytotoxic, brine shrimp toxic, antitumour-promoting and antioxidant activities. The crude extracts exhibited predominantly antibacterial activity with the root extract showing the strongest inhibition against the test bacteria at a minimum inhibitory dose (MID) of 15.6 μg/disc. Although all the extracts failed to inhibit the growth of most of the test fungi, significant antifungal activity against Cladosporium herbarum was exhibited by most notably the fruit (MID: 100 μg), and the leaf (MID: 400 μg) extracts. None of the extracts were significantly cytotoxic, and lethal towards brine shrimps. The root, leaf, trunk and stem bark extracts (except for the fruits) showed strong antioxidant activity exceeding that of the standard antioxidant, α-tocopherol. Antitumour-promoting activity (>95% inhibition) was shown by the fruit, leaf, stem and trunk bark extracts