Réveil des talents à l’université et place de l’enseignant-coach

fr À l’heure où les amphithéâtres sont désertés par les étudiants et où le mal-être est au cœur de l’actualité, repenser les méthodes pédagogiques est indispensable et entraîne une évolution incontournable du rôle de l’enseignant. Quand ce rôle se conjugue à celui de coach, le réveil des talents des étudiants peut alors être favorisé. Ceci soulève la question de l’ajustement de ces postures pour accompagner un jeune à modifier sa méthode d’apprentissage, voire ses habitudes de vie, lors de périodes difficiles. La détection la plus précoce possible des souffrances chez les étudiants est souhaitable, même si elle demande une vaste organisation et une implication d’un grand nombre de personnes dans les universités. À l’issue de ce cheminement dans les coulisses de l’enseignement, il s’agit de se questionner sur l’émergence d’alliances éducatives fortes permettant ces nouvelles impulsions.en At a time when amphitheatres are deserted by students and where ill-being is at the heart of the news, rethinking teaching methods is indispensable and leads to an inevitable evolution of the role of the teacher. When this role is combined with that of coach, the awakening of talents can then be favored. This raises the question of the adjustment of these postures in the accompanying processes of a young person, during delicate crossings towards fundamental transformations. The earliest possible detection of suffering among students is desirable and requires, however, a wide organization and involvement of a large number of people in universities. At the end of this journey in the wings of education, it is time to question about the emergence of strong educational alliances allowing these new impulses

Caractérisation moléculaire de souches cliniques et végétales de Fusarium solani par multilocus sequence typing

Les Fusarium sp. sont des champignons saphrophytes, fréquemment retrouvés dans l'environnement. Chez l'homme, ils peuvent être responsables d'infections profondes, potentiellement mortelles. Dans le but d'améliorer les connaissances épidémiologiques et d'avoir une vue d'ensemble de la génétique des populations des Fusarium sp., des techniques de typages sont nécessaires. Un schéma de MLST a donc été développé pour l'espèce fongique émergente, Fusarium solani. Cette méthode a été mise au point à partir de 37 souches épidémiologiquement distinctes et provenant de sources différentes (cliniques, environnement hospitalier, végétaux). L'analyse des polymorphismes obtenus à partir de 5 gènes de ménage a permis d'obtenir une technique discriminante à 98,3%, stable, reproductive, d'utilisation aisée et applicable entre différents laboratoires. Suite à ce développement et à cette mise au point, des souches cliniques et végétales de Fusarium solani ont été typées par MLST. Une analyse phylogénique a ensuite été réalisée à l'aide de deux méthodes différentes et des groupes de composition variable sont mis en évidence. Cette observation nous permet donc d'envisager l'hypothèse d'une adaptation différente des souches végétales à l'homme au cours de l'évolution. Les groupes de composition mixte souches cliniques / souches végétales seraient des groupes "d'évolution transitoire" où l'adaptaton à l'homme serait en cours bien que certaines souches soient toujours phytopathogènes. Il s'agit du premier schéma de MLST décrit pour l'espèce Fusarium solani qui permet d'évoquer l'évolution des souches phytopathogènes pour l'homme. Des études phylogénétiques plus détaillées et complémentaires sont indispensables pour étayer nos hypothèses.NANCY1-SCD Pharmacie-Odontologie (543952101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Emerging infections due to filamentous fungi in humans and animals: only the tip of the iceberg?

International audienceOver the last few decades, the number of patients susceptible to invasive filamentous fungal infections has steadily increased, especially in populations suffering from hematological diseases. The pathogens responsible for such mycoses are now quite well characterized, such as Aspergillus spp. - the most commonly isolated mold -, Mucorales, Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp. or melanized fungi. An increase in the incidence of this category of 'emerging' fungi has been recently highlighted, evoking a shift in fungal ecology. Starting from these medical findings, taking a step back and adopt a wider perspective offers possible explanations of this phenomenon on an even larger scale than previously reported. In this review, we illustrate the link between emerging fungi in medicine and changes in ecology or human behaviours, and we encourage integrative approaches to apprehend the adverse effects of progress and develop preventive measures in vast domains, such as agriculture or medicine

Typage moléculaire du complexe d'espèces Fusarium solani et détermination de son mécanisme de résistance au voriconazole

Le complexe d'espèces Fusarium solani regroupe des champignons phytopathogènes également impliqués en pathologie humaine dans des infections parfois profondes et souvent de mauvais pronostic. Dans un premier temps, une méthode de MLST, s'appuyant sur 5 gènes de ménage a donc été développée. Validée sur 51 isolats épidémiologiquement distincts, cette méthode stable et reproductible présente un pouvoir discriminant de 99,1 %. Après comparaison à la technique de référence utilisée en phylogénie, un schéma consensus à 8 loci a été proposé. Dans un second temps, une étude de la sensibilité de ce pathogène à l'amphotéricine B et au voriconazole a été menée par deux techniques d'évaluation des CMI : microdilution CLSI M38-A2 et bandelettes E-test. Devant le paradoxe entre une sensibilité diminuée in vitro au voriconazole et la recommandation de cette molécule pour le traitement curatif de la fusariose humaine, des mécanismes de résistance ont été exploré. L'hypothèse d'un phénomène d'efflux n'a pas été retenue alors que celle d'une modification de la cible, la 14 alpha stérol déméthylase, peut être envisagée après la description de différentes mutations pour les isoformes CYP51A, B et CFusarium solani species complex includes phytopathogenic fungi also involved in human infections with poor prognosis. Firstly, MLST method, based on five housekeeping genes has been developed. This method has been validated on 51 isolates epidemiologically distinct, and has been shown to be stable and reproducible and provides a discriminating power of 99.1%. After comparison with the reference technique used in phylogeny, a consensus method with 8 loci has been proposed. Secondly, a study of the susceptibility to amphotericin B and voriconazole has been conducted with two MIC determination methods : CLSI M38-A2 microdilution and E-test. The paradox between decreased susceptibility to voriconazole in vitro and recommendation of this molecule for the curative treatment of Fusarium infections has lead to the exploration of resistance mechanisms. The hypothesis of an efflux phenomenon has not been retained whereas a change in the target, the sterol 14 alpha demethylase may be considered following the description of different mutations on proteins CYP51A, B and CMETZ-SCD (574632105) / SudocNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocNANCY2-Bibliotheque electronique (543959901) / SudocNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Simulated Microgravity Created Using a Random Positioning Machine Induces Changes in the Physiology of the Fusarium solani Species Complex

Fusarium is a phytopathogenic fungus involved in human pathology and is present in space stations. It is essential to understand the effects of microgravity on the physiology of this fungus to determine the potential risks to the health of crew members and to propose the necessary countermeasures. This study aimed to determine changes in the physiological parameters of the Fusarium solani species complex under simulated microgravity generated using a random positioning machine (RPM) and phenotypic approaches. We observed increased growth, spore production, and germination while biofilm production was reduced under RPM exposure. These in vitro data show the importance of further studying this fungus as it has been repeatedly demonstrated that microgravity weakens the immune system of astronauts

Protocol for the pBDG2 Study: Prospective Evaluation of 1.3-β-D-Glucan in the Peritoneal Fluid for the Diagnosis of Intra-Abdominal Candidiasis in Critically Ill Patients

Background: The delayed diagnosis of the presence of Candida in severe intra-abdominal infections exposes patients to an increased risk of mortality. The prevalence of intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC) varies with the type of intra-abdominal infection, the underlying conditions and the presence of risk factors for Candida infection. This study aims to evaluate the interest of the measure of 1.3-β-D-glucan (BDG) in the peritoneal fluid for the early diagnosis of IAC. Methods and analysis: This is a prospective multicenter (n = 5) non-interventional study, focusing on all critically ill patients with an intra-abdominal infection requiring intra-abdominal surgery. The primary objective is to assess the diagnostic performance of the BDG measured in the peritoneal fluid for the early detection of IAC using the Candida culture as the gold standard. The secondary objective is to report the prevalence of IAC in the selected population. This study aims to enroll 200 patients within 48 months. By estimating the prevalence of IAC in the selected population at 30%, 50 patients with IAC (cases) are expected. These 50 IAC cases will be matched with 50 non-IAC patients (as a control group). The peritoneal BDG will be measured a posteriori in all of these 100 selected patients. This article presents the protocol and the current status of the study. Only the prevalence of IAC is reported as preliminary result

Reappraisal of intra-abdominal candidiasis: insights from peritoneal fluid analysis

Abstract Background The understanding of high mortality associated with intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC) remains limited. While Candida is considered a harmless colonizer in the digestive tract, its role as a true pathogen in IAC is still debated. Evidence regarding Candida virulence in the human peritoneal fluid are lacking. We hypothesized that during IAC, Candida albicans develops virulence factors to survive to new environmental conditions. The objective of this observational exploratory monocentric study is to investigate the influence of peritoneal fluid (PF) on the expression of C. albicans virulence using a multimodal approach. Materials and methods A standardized inoculum of a C. albicans (3.106 UFC/mL) reference strain (SC5314) was introduced in vitro into various PF samples obtained from critically ill patients with intra-abdominal infection. Ascitic fluids (AFs) and Sabouraud medium (SBD) were used as control groups. Optical microscopy and conventional culture techniques were employed to assess the morphological changes and growth of C. albicans. Reverse transcriptase qPCR was utilized to quantify the expression levels of five virulence genes. The metabolic production of C. albicans was measured using the calScreener™ technology. Results A total of 26 PF samples from patients with secondary peritonitis were included in the study. Critically ill patients were mostly male (73%) with a median age of 58 years admitted for urgent surgery (78%). Peritonitis was mostly hospital-acquired (81%), including 13 post-operative peritonitis (50%). The infected PF samples predominantly exhibited polymicrobial composition. The findings revealed substantial variability in C. albicans growth and morphological changes in the PF compared to ascitic fluid. Virulence gene expression and metabolic production were dependent on the specific PF sample and the presence of bacterial coinfection. Conclusions This study provides evidence of C. albicans virulence expression in the peritoneal fluid. The observed variability in virulence expression suggests that it is influenced by the composition of PF and the presence of bacterial coinfection. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex dynamics of intra-abdominal candidiasis and advocate for personalized approach for IAC patients. Trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (NCT05264571; February 22, 2022) Graphical Abstrac

CYP51 Mutations in the Fusarium solani Species Complex: First Clue to Understand the Low Susceptibility to Azoles of the Genus Fusarium

Members of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are cosmopolitan filamentous fungi responsible for invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Despite the treatment recommendations, many strains show reduced sensitivity to voriconazole. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential relationship between azole susceptibility and mutations in CYP51 protein sequences. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for azole antifungals have been determined using the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) microdilution method on a panel of clinical and environmental strains. CYP51A, CYP51B and CYP51C genes for each strain have been sequenced using the Sanger method. Amino acid substitutions described in multiple azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (mtrAf) strains have been sought and compared with other Fusarium complexes’ strains. Our results show that FSSC exhibit point mutations similar to those described in mtrAf. Protein sequence alignments of CYP51A, CYP51B and CYP51C have highlighted different profiles based on sequence similarity. A link between voriconazole MICs and protein sequences was observed, suggesting that these mutations could be an explanation for the intrinsic azole resistance in the genus Fusarium. Thus, this innovative approach provided clues to understand low azole susceptibility in FSSC and may contribute to improving the treatment of FSSC infection

Overinduction of CYP51A Gene After Exposure to Azole Antifungals Provides a First Clue to Resistance Mechanism in Fusarium solani Species Complex

International audienc