2,823 research outputs found
Dielectric properties of Li2O-3B2O3 glasses
The frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and the
electrical conductivity of the transparent glasses in the composition
Li2O-3B2O3 (LBO) were investigated in the 100 Hz- 10 MHz frequency range. The
dielectric constant and the loss in the low frequency regime were electrode
material dependent. Dielectric and electrical relaxations were respectively
analyzed using the Cole-Cole and electric modulus formalisms. The dielectric
relaxation mechanism was discussed in the framework of electrode and charge
carrier (hopping of the ions) related polarization using generalized Cole-Cole
expression. The frequency dependent electrical conductivity was rationalized
using Jonscher's power law. The activation energy associated with the dc
conductivity was 0.80 \pm 0.02 eV, which was ascribed to the motion of Li+ ions
in the glass matrix. The activation energy associated with dielectric
relaxation was almost equal to that of the dc conductivity, indicating that the
same species took part in both the processes. Temperature dependent behavior of
the frequency exponent (n) suggested that the correlated barrier hopping model
was the most apposite to rationalize the electrical transport phenomenon in
Li2O-3B2O3 glasses. These glasses on heating at 933 K/10h resulted in the known
non-linear optical phase LiB3O5.Comment: 32 pages, 13 figure
Charge and momentum transfer in supercooled melts: Why should their relaxation times differ?
The steady state values of the viscosity and the intrinsic ionic-conductivity
of quenched melts are computed, in terms of independently measurable
quantities. The frequency dependence of the ac dielectric response is
estimated. The discrepancy between the corresponding characteristic relaxation
times is only apparent; it does not imply distinct mechanisms, but stems from
the intrinsic barrier distribution for -relaxation in supercooled
fluids and glasses. This type of intrinsic ``decoupling'' is argued not to
exceed four orders in magnitude, for known glassformers. We explain the origin
of the discrepancy between the stretching exponent , as extracted from
and the dielectric modulus data. The actual width of the
barrier distribution always grows with lowering the temperature. The contrary
is an artifact of the large contribution of the dc-conductivity component to
the modulus data. The methodology allows one to single out other contributions
to the conductivity, as in ``superionic'' liquids or when charge carriers are
delocalized, implying that in those systems, charge transfer does not require
structural reconfiguration.Comment: submitted to J Chem Phy
Evidence of secondary relaxations in the dielectric spectra of ionic liquids
We investigated the dynamics of a series of room temperature ionic liquids
based on the same 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium cation and different anions by
means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy covering 15 decades in frequency
(10^(-6)-10^9 Hz), and in the temperature range from 400 K down to 35 K. An
ionic conductivity is observed above the glass transition temperature T_{g}
with a relaxation in the electric modulus representation. Below T_{g}, two
relaxation processes appear, with the same features as the secondary
relaxations typically observed in molecular glasses. The activation energy of
the secondary processes and their dependence on the anion are different. The
slower process shows the characteristics of an intrinsic Johari-Goldstein
relaxation, in particular an activation energy E_{beta}=24k_{B}T_{g} is found,
as observed in molecular glasses.Comment: Major revision, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let
Animal Production from Tropical Pastures Renovated by Subsoiling and Fertilization in the Cerrados of Brazil
A grazing trial was conducted, to study the effects of fertilization on the maintenance of the productivity of four tropical grasses. The paddocks were subsoiled, and dived into halves: one (LF1) received 400 kg/ha of a fertilizer formula 0-20-20.and the other (LF2) 800 kg/ha of the same fertilizers, in January 1995. Annually, 50 kg/ha of N was applied. The productivity on LF2 pastures was greater than that on FL1 pastures, averaging 520 and 410 kg of liveweight gain/ha/year. A double strategy should be followed to sustain animal production in the savanna: maintain soil P over a critical value of 3.0 mg P(Mehlich-1)/dm3, and annual N application
Evaluation of \u3ci\u3eBrachiaria brizantha\u3c/i\u3e Ecotypes under Grazing in Small Plots
An intense search for new cultivars amongst recently collected and introduced ecotypes from Africa is in effect since 1988, at the National Beef Cattle Research Center, of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Beef Cattle). After agronomic evaluations of a large collection, 21 ecotypes were pre-selected for multilocational trials and from these, eight were elected for evaluation under grazing. The objective of this trial was thus to evaluate the persistence and carrying capacity of these eight new Brachiaria brizantha ecotypes after two years of grazing. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with nine treatments and two replicates. The experimental area was divided into 18 paddocks of 1000 m2. They were grazed according to a deferred flexible system. After two years, it was possible to select four ecotypes, which were indicated for animal performance trials aiming at releasing at least one of them as a new cultivar in 2002
Kinetic description of particle interaction with a gravitational wave
The interaction of charged particles, moving in a uniform magnetic field,
with a plane-polarized gravitational wave is considered using the
Fokker-Planck- Kolmogorov (FPK) approach. By using a stochasticity criterion,
we determine the exact locations in phase space, where resonance overlapping
occurs. We investigate the diffusion of orbits around each primary resonance of
order (m) by deriving general analytical expressions for an effective diffusion
coeficient. A solution to the corresponding diffusion equation (Fokker-Planck
equation) for the static case is found. Numerical integration of the full
equations of motion and subsequent calculation of the diffusion coefficient
verifies the analytical results.Comment: LaTeX file, 15 page
Stable spontaneously-scalarized black holes in generalized scalar-tensor theories
It has been shown that the synergy of a scalar field coupling with both the
Ricci scalar and the Gauss-Bonnet invariant significantly affects the
properties of scalarized black holes and neutron stars, including their domain
of existence and the amount of scalar hair they carry. Here we study the radial
stability of scalarized black-hole solutions. We demonstrate that they are
stable against radial perturbations for Ricci couplings consistent with both a
late-time cosmological attractor and the evasion of binary pulsar constraints.
In addition, we investigate the effect of the Ricci coupling on the
hyperbolicity of the equation governing linear, radial perturbations and show
that it significantly reduces the region over which hyperbolicity is lost.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure
Animal Performance and Productivity of New Ecotypes of Brachiaria Brizantha in Brazil
Brazil has the competitive advantage of a very dynamic and cost effective animal production system on pastures over other countries. The pursuit for more productive forages that will result in higher quality beef at a lower cost is then justified. Brachiaria is the most important forage genus utilised in Brazil, thus an intense search for new cultivars amongst collected and introduced ecotypes from Africa is underway. Following agronomic evaluation of this material in plots, 8 pre-selected Brachiaria ecotypes were tested under intermittent grazing in paddocks (Euclides et al., 2001). Continuing on the process of cultivar development, two out of the eight, selected for superior agronomic characteristics were compared to the standard cultivar Marandu, under grazing and the results are presented in this paper
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