Peasant Village in Mexico - a study of character

The author of this article starts with stating that social scientists have observed that peasants from all over the world seem more like each other in many ways than like their urban compatriots. This is manifested in Mexico by the fact that when townsman enters the peasant village he feels himself a stranger. The townsman, generally speaking, looks at the peasant either as a symbol of the worst or the best in human nature, depending on his feelings about the modern world. It means that the peasant remains unknown. To understand him, we must grasp his view of life, his goals, his problems as he feels them, and the factors which set him at odds with the developing world. In this sense the author undertakes an analysis of character in one of Mexico villages, which before the Revolution of 1910. had lived in the frame od hacienda, according to economic characteristics capitalistic but to social relations feudal plantation. In the village traits can be found common to peasants everywhere, but also aspects of character that bear the stamp of Mexican history and traditions. In fact the analysis is based on the investigation of a group whose leader was Erich Fromm. In the village there are many economical and social problems, social differentiation and differentiation of character. There are also many signs of change, but a lot of influences of hacienda system on the character of peasants have remained. Passive characters are prevailing who sometimes express the total fatalims. People are distrustfull and do not accept innovations willingly. There is a need to seek a patron like former hacendado. The author thinks that all this is a consequence of the near history when hacienda had dominated, and the factors which nowdays in the nature and the society cause unsecurity and resignation of peasants. The author particularly analyses: the peasants view of love, the war between sexes and authority and family, basing his analysis on lengthy interviews of peasants and observations of investigators. Examples of peasants views of love show that the large majority of villagers have a passive orientation, not an active. In fact they reflect the feeling that all good things of life lie autside ol oneself, beyond reach. The roots of domination of these receptive orientation lie in cultural tradition, family life and social limitation of life experience, knowledge and opportunities. The superficial observer quickly concludes that Mexican men dominate their women in family and in the society, too. But in the Mexican village, like everywhere, the u^ar between the sexes rages, which assume many hidden forms and contents. While in families with both mother and father, a subtle but continual struggle for power rages, in the families of many alcoholics one finds a wife who deeply enjoys the role of martyred victim, trying to turn the children away from their father. Some men show traits of machismo, the cult of tough — acting, hard drinking promiscuous men, whose background is their unindependence and infatility. Women want to keep their husband, children and family. The reason that the Mexican villager avoids accepting authority and responsibility lies in the fact that parents demand from their children strict obedience. Therefore in the games of children everything is subjected to the central authority, similar to the authority of parents. The behaviour of parents is historically planted by the long tradition of hacienda system and its residues. Child rearing in the i context of the whole cultural and social conditions in the village, had, for instance, a consequence that adolescent boys of the village treated investigators, who tryed to organize an agricultural club for them, as their patrons to whom they must remain submissive, awaiting orders. The author concludes that fatalism, distrust and hopelessness in this Mexican village were born in the experience of the hacienda and reinforced by the scarcity of land and living, common to peasants everywhere. At the same time he directs attention to ways of possible changes

Peasant Village in Mexico - a study of character

The author of this article starts with stating that social scientists have observed that peasants from all over the world seem more like each other in many ways than like their urban compatriots. This is manifested in Mexico by the fact that when townsman enters the peasant village he feels himself a stranger. The townsman, generally speaking, looks at the peasant either as a symbol of the worst or the best in human nature, depending on his feelings about the modern world. It means that the peasant remains unknown. To understand him, we must grasp his view of life, his goals, his problems as he feels them, and the factors which set him at odds with the developing world. In this sense the author undertakes an analysis of character in one of Mexico villages, which before the Revolution of 1910. had lived in the frame od hacienda, according to economic characteristics capitalistic but to social relations feudal plantation. In the village traits can be found common to peasants everywhere, but also aspects of character that bear the stamp of Mexican history and traditions. In fact the analysis is based on the investigation of a group whose leader was Erich Fromm. In the village there are many economical and social problems, social differentiation and differentiation of character. There are also many signs of change, but a lot of influences of hacienda system on the character of peasants have remained. Passive characters are prevailing who sometimes express the total fatalims. People are distrustfull and do not accept innovations willingly. There is a need to seek a patron like former hacendado. The author thinks that all this is a consequence of the near history when hacienda had dominated, and the factors which nowdays in the nature and the society cause unsecurity and resignation of peasants. The author particularly analyses: the peasants view of love, the war between sexes and authority and family, basing his analysis on lengthy interviews of peasants and observations of investigators. Examples of peasants views of love show that the large majority of villagers have a passive orientation, not an active. In fact they reflect the feeling that all good things of life lie autside ol oneself, beyond reach. The roots of domination of these receptive orientation lie in cultural tradition, family life and social limitation of life experience, knowledge and opportunities. The superficial observer quickly concludes that Mexican men dominate their women in family and in the society, too. But in the Mexican village, like everywhere, the u^ar between the sexes rages, which assume many hidden forms and contents. While in families with both mother and father, a subtle but continual struggle for power rages, in the families of many alcoholics one finds a wife who deeply enjoys the role of martyred victim, trying to turn the children away from their father. Some men show traits of machismo, the cult of tough — acting, hard drinking promiscuous men, whose background is their unindependence and infatility. Women want to keep their husband, children and family. The reason that the Mexican villager avoids accepting authority and responsibility lies in the fact that parents demand from their children strict obedience. Therefore in the games of children everything is subjected to the central authority, similar to the authority of parents. The behaviour of parents is historically planted by the long tradition of hacienda system and its residues. Child rearing in the i context of the whole cultural and social conditions in the village, had, for instance, a consequence that adolescent boys of the village treated investigators, who tryed to organize an agricultural club for them, as their patrons to whom they must remain submissive, awaiting orders. The author concludes that fatalism, distrust and hopelessness in this Mexican village were born in the experience of the hacienda and reinforced by the scarcity of land and living, common to peasants everywhere. At the same time he directs attention to ways of possible changes

Preschool Children and Behaviour Problems: A Prospective Study

Toddler/child behaviour problems have received relatively little previous attention. Prior studies have implicated a wide variety of factors in the aetiology of child behaviour problems but many of these factors are correlated and little is known about their independent contributions. Four broad categories of factors have been associated with child behaviour problems: (1) maternal social and economic characteristics; (2) maternal lifestyle; (3) maternal mental state/child-rearing practices; and (4) maternal and child physical health. The study took a sample of 5296 families from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) for whom 5-year prospective data are available. The major predictors of toddler behaviour problems were the mother's and child's health, and the mother's mental state. The mother's sociostructural characteristics and lifestyle made little or no additional contribution to the prediction models. It is, however, salutary to note that the majority of children who are classified as having high levels of troublesome behaviour do not fall into any of the risk categories. A variety of explanations and interpretations of the data is considered

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