Recommended adult immunization schedule, United States, 2020

In October 2019, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to approve the Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for Ages 19 Years or Older, United States, 2020. The 2020 adult immunization schedule, available at www.cdc.gov/vaccines /schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html, summarizes ACIP recommendations in 2 tables and accompanying notes (Figure). The full ACIP recommendations for each vaccine are available at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/index.html. The 2020 schedule has also been approved by the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and by the American College of Physicians (www .acponline.org), American Academy of Family Physicians (www.aafp.org), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (www.acog.org), and American College of Nurse-Midwives (www.midwife.org)

The Use of Metagenomic Approaches to Analyze Changes in Microbial Communities

Microbes are the most abundant biological entities found in the biosphere. Identification and measurement of microorganisms (including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists) in the biosphere cannot be readily achieved due to limitations in culturing methods. A non-culture based approach, called “metagenomics”, was developed that enabled researchers to comprehensively analyse microbial communities in different ecosystems. In this study, we highlight recent advances in the field of metagenomics for analyzing microbial communities in different ecosystems ranging from oceans to the human microbiome. Developments in several bioinformatics approaches are also discussed in context of microbial metagenomics that include taxonomic systems, sequence databases, and sequence-alignment tools. In summary, we provide a snapshot for the recent advances in metagenomics approach for analyzing changes in the microbial communities in different ecosystems

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, February 2021

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Effect of temperature and ration size on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope trophic fractionation

1. Stable isotope data are widely used to track the origins and transformations of materials in food webs. Reliable interpretation of these data requires knowledge of the factors influencing isotopic fractionation between diet and consumer. For practical reasons, isotopic fractionation is often assumed to be constant but, in reality, a range of factors may affect fractionation. 2. To investigate effects of temperature and feeding rate on fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in a marine predator, we reared European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax on identical diets at 11 and 16°C on three ration levels for 600 days. 3. Nitrogen trophic fractionation (?d15N) was affected by temperature. Bass ?d15N was 4.41‰ at 11°C and 3.78‰ at 16°C. 4. Carbon fractionation (?d13C) was also affected by temperature. Bass ?d13C was 1.18‰ at 11°C and 1.64‰ at 16°C. The higher lipid content in the tissues of bass reared at cooler temperatures accounted for the temperature effect on ?d13C. When ?d13C was determined using mathematically defatted values, there was a direct effect of ration size and ?d13C was 2.51, 2.39 and 2.31‰ for high, medium and low rations, respectively. 5. Reported ?d15N for all treatments exceeded the mean of 3.4‰ widely used in ecological studies of fish populations and communities. This would confound the interpretation of d15N as an indicator of trophic level when comparing populations that are exposed to different temperatures. 6. The ?d13C of 0-1‰ commonly applied in food web studies did not hold under any of the temperature or feeding regimes considered and a value of 2‰ would be more appropriate